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Food Safety in China
1
Food Safety in China
Michael Dekker, Manon Fleury,
Nicola Ryan and Greg McEvoy
May 2018
Overview
Introduction
- The legal Framework of Food Safety in China
- Risk Management of the CFDA
- CFDA Corruption in 2007
- CFDA Regulations & Food Production
- CFDA Organisational Structure
- Pros & Cons CFDA
- Mcdonalds incident
- Current Food Safety Standards and Water issues
- Comparison between India and China
- China is the fastest growing economy.
- World most populated country 23% (1.379 bullion) of the world's total population and still rising.
- The shrinkage of cultivated land has been very serious since the start of the 1980s.
- Water shortage is threatening agricultural production and even human habitation.
- Consumers dont have trust in the food safety. They even set up an app called China's Survival Guide.
About China
Food Safety Laws
Food Safety Laws
Domestic law & Incidents
- China’s domestic legal framework is broken into three sectors
- Basic law by the National Peoples Congress
- Subordinate law - example is Administrative Measures on the Safety of Imports
- Local regulations
- Food safety incidents - example - in 2008 - It was known as the milk scandal, where 6 infants died and over 300,000 infants were injured from being fed milk that was contaminated with melamine
- Another occured in 2011 hundreds seriously sickened by tainted pork. Noodle makers ordered to stop production because they were using ink, industrial dyes and paraffin wax as ingredients. Tons of pork was removed for containing sodium borate which transforms cheap pork into darker, higher-value "beef."
- Governemnt then decided to renew licenses
Strucure
Hierarchical Structure
- CFDA created by merging the Office of Food Safety Commission of the State Council, the State Food and Drug Administration and the food safety functions of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.
- The MOA is another improvement that oversee some products simultaneously.
- The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine - controls the national quality and plant quarantine, import and export food safety, certification & accreditation and standardization.
- Finally, The National Health and Family Planning Commission- roles - food safety standard setting and risk assessment.
2015 Act
- Known as China's strictest law in history
- It covers previously unknown domains such as traceability and imposes penalties.
- Violation of the Law - subject to a fine of RMB 50,000 - 100,000 if the total value of the food or food additive is less than RMB 10,000 or a fine between 10 and 20 times the total value of the commodity if the total value of the commodity exceeds RMB 10,000.
Chinese Food and Drug Administration
The Chinese Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) is a government organization designed to effectively manage and regulate all aspects of food safety throughout China.
The CFDA was orginally named the State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) but after multiple food safety incidients, including posioned food and leadership corruption it was rebranded and restructured as the CFDA in 2013.
Proactive Food Safety Measures
Responsibilities Include:
- Writing laws, regulations, rules, and policy plans
- Implementation and enforment of all regulations
- Communication with the public
- Education and training
Retroactive Food Safety Measures
Retroactive Measures
If a new food crisis occurs, the CFDA is responsible for:
- Implementing the Food and Drug Emergency Response System
- Acting as a first responder by investigating the incident to identify the source/cause of the issue
- Punishing those responsible for the crisis
Food Safety Mechanisims
To extend responsibility across the entire food industry the "Food Safety Responsibility Mechanism" was created.
It's purpose is to:
- Hold food distributors accountable
- Assign responsibility to local municipal governments
- Create a reporting system that covers new and current food safety information
- Dedicate resources to scientific and technological research
Food Safety Mechanisms
Internal Structure
Internal Structure
- Fifteen different departments,
- General office: Create, organise, enforce rules
- Department of Medical Device Registration: imports medical devices & implement good methods for medical tools.
- Bureau of Investigation and Enforcement- investigates into severe cases connected to drug and food safety.
- Department of Media and Publicity: in charge of public education
Structure
CFDA Regulatory Documents
CFDA Regulations
Normative Documents
Normative Documents
-Generally means relating to an evaluation standard
- A subset of the CFDA Laws and Regulations
- Includes provisions and administrative policies
Provisions
"Provision" means providing or supplying something for use.
The CFDA has written and posted provisions for:
- Routine supervision and inspection of food production and distribution
- Food Production Licensing
- Good Agricultural Practice
- Other Drug related provisions
There are two Administrative Documents posted under Normative Documents, which include:
Administrative Policy
- Administrative Rules for the China and Food Drug Administration Legislative Procedure
- Administrative Reconsideration Measures for China Food and Drug Administration
Both pertain much more closely to legal and policy management than the other Normative Documents.
CFDA
Pros and Cons of the CFDA
PROS
Pros of CFDA
- Under strict laws and regulations
- Ensures health & safety
- China evolving
- New drugs discovered
CONS
Cons of CFDA
- Food production enterprises have to pay local taxes and also create employment in the area.
-Therefore more lenient
- Time delays on products
- Too much emphasis on punishment.
- Negative publicity
Comparing Food Safety in India to China
India
vs. China
A rundown of the number of food safety violations around the globe finds India and China are the countries with the highest number of offenses, and since both are two of the world leading emerging markets, it makes it interesting to compare the two.
Similarities in Government Organizations and Regulations
Government Organizations and Regulations
- Similar to China’s Food and Drug Administration, India has a “Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
- Both food safety organizations are centered around a Food Safety and Standards Act
Production and Consumption Evaluation
China tries hard
Laws and efforts made by China
The first food safety law in China was introduced in 1965
It wasn't a success
A State council food security committee has been created in order to control and regulate food safety
Also, China launched an action plan for water named water pollution prevention and control action plan
Food safety for China
Water and Food Safety in China
China has been self-sufficient in food since 1995
Nowadays, food safety is considered as a global problem as it significantly affects the public health in China
A 2011 survey reported that food safety was the most concerned issue in Chinese people, surpassing public security, traffic safety, medical safety
Summary of Water Improvement Plans
Goals and Plans
- China's central government set ambitious goals to safeguard water quality in 2011, at the outset of the 12th Five Year Plan (2011-2015)
- Targetes improvements from source-to-tap, earmarking a budget of nearly RMB 700 billion (US$112 billion) to pay for upgrades to water treatment and piping systems.
- Funds were spread across multiple ministries and top level government bodies, including the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Water Resource.
It is clear that more people across China are enjoying access to public water supply, what is not clear is the quality of the water delivered. The mid-term evaluation of the 12FYP, which started in mid-2013 may have the answers. However, the assessment report is “classified” and has not yet been made available to the public.
Current water situation
Brief Summary...
Conclusion
Fundamental issues with China’s food industry spanning from corrupt leadership in the SFDA, to the milk scandal in 2008, to the restructuring of the SFDA into the CFDA in 2007 are still likely cases to arise when discussing food safety. But, similar to the recent explosive economic growth, we believe those issues have led to serious developments and improvements towards ensuring safety in China’s food industry including more effective regulation and structurally efficient organiations.