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Civil Rights movement
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Civil Rights Movement
Ryan Sigler
Brown V Board of education
May 17, 1954
In 1951 a group families led by Oliver Brown filled a lawsuit against the board of education in Topeka Kansas challenging the segregation of public schools.
The case was heard in 1954, and in a unanimous decision the court ruled that seregation in public schools were unconstitutional.
The Brown V board of education decision was a huge step in the right direction for civil rights which also overturned Plessy V Ferguson "Seperate but Equal. Also Sparked a significant resistance from those who opposed leading years of conflicts ahead.
1954
Term
Segregation - The practice of seperating people based on race
Thurgood Marshall
July 2, 1908 - January 24, 1993
Figures
Became he cheif consoul for the NAACP Legal defense who argued the case before the surpreme court hearing of Brown V Board of education.
Later became a judge of the United States court of appeals and was later the first african american supreme court justice member.
Constance Baker Motely
September 14, 1921 - September 28, 2005
She was the first female attorney while also being the first to file a complaint in the Brown V Board Of Education case.
She also aided in helping youn african american students get into colleges and unversities.
Hero
Montgomery bus boycott
December 5, 1955 - December 20, 1956
A Civil rights protest that took place december 1 1955. The protest was a result in the arrest of Rosa Parks who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger.
Following her arrest led to a protest effort in refusing to take the montgomery public transportation system.
The protest also challenged the citys racists policies on its transportation system requiring black passengers to sit in the back.
Term
1955
Boycott - A from of protest in which individuals refuse to use a product or service.
Rosa Parks
Feburary 4, 1913 - October 25, 2005
Rosa Parks was a civil activist who is mostly known for her invovlement with in the Montgomery bus boycott.
She was the second person to refuse to give up her seat on a montgomery bus, and her cause gained a wispread of attention.
She was also a respected member upon the black community and continued to work for racial equality and social justice.
Figure
Claudette Colvin
Born on September 5, 1939
Hero
At the age of 15 claudette was also subject towards the decrimination within transportation systems.
After being motivated through what she learned in school about african american rights she stood up to segregation.
She also refused to give up her seat to a white counterpartin leading to her arrest in Montgomery, known as the girl before Rosa Parks.
Little Rock 9
September 25, 1957
A group of black students who enrolled in little rock central highscool in Arkansas, in which it was the first time black students were allowed to attend an all white school in the south.
They were faced with violence from the white students and community, and the governer who prevented the students from entering the school sending in the national guard to block the students.
President Esienhower intervened by sending in military troops to allow the african american students to attend.
1957
Term
Integration - The process of bringing people with different backgrounds together
Students
- Melba Pattillo Beals
- Minnijean Brown
- Elizabeth Eckford
- Ernest Green
- Thelma Mothershed
- Gloria Ray
- Terrence Roberts
- Jefferson Thomas
- Carlotta Walls
The first african american students too attend Little Rock Central High School resutling in many threats from the majority white community.
The 9 students faced opposition in which people called them slurs, threaten, and used acts of violence to try and scare them away.
Heros
Greensboro Sit-ins
Feburary 1, 1960
Non-violent protests against racial segregation that first took place in Greensboro North corolina.
Students from North Carolina Argricultural and Technical state university were denied service based on their race, attending segregated dining hubs.
More and more students participated in the sit- ins sparking a wave of protest around the country. leading to the desegregation of public facilities.
Term
1960
Nonviolent Resistance - A strategy for social change that involves peaceful responses
Greensboro Four
The first four to start the greensboro sitins. Consisted of Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain, and Joseph McNeil.
The four men went into a segregated dining location, and sat down reufsing to leave even after being denied service until the store closed.
Figures
Ann Dearsely
1938 - Decmber 15, 2015
Participated in the fight agaisnt segreation during the 60's. She and her friends gave up their seats to african americans students
Her actions also sparked many other sit-ins and non violent protests to occur.
Hero
Freedom Rides
May 4, 1961
Several people planned to ride through the south challenging segregation laws that prohibited minorities from sitting in certain areas in public transportation.
Many of the freedom riders faced violent resistance from segregationaists, using strategies such as firebombing, and assault with weapons to stop the protests.
Inspired a new generation of activists to join the fight for civil rights.
Term
1961
Discrimination - The unfair treatment of individuals based on their race
John Lewis
Feburary 21, 1940 - July 17, 2020
An African american poltician and civil rights leader playing key roles in the Civil Rights Movement.
He participated in many major protests such as the freedom rides and March on Washginton.
Later became the leader of the SNCC Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and helped organizine many protests.
Figure
Carmichael Stockely
June 29, 1941 - November 15, 1998
A chairman of the SNCC while also calling for black power challenging nonviolence and interracial alliences.
Worked againsts segregation and participated in many freedom rides and marches.
Hero
March on Washington
August 28, 1968
A landmark event for the Civil rights movement. 250,000 people particpated in a march to Washington displaying the demand for constitutional rights for minorities.
Many nonviolent leaders, and preachers came to speak on segregation and predujice in america. Martin Luther King's " I have a dream speech" was given here.
Following the march the Civil Rights act was passed in 1964 banning any type of dicrimmination based on race, color, religion, or sex.
Term
1963
Civil Disobedience - a deliberate and nonviolent reufsal to comply with laws or rules that are considered unjust or discriminatory
Martin Luther King Jr
January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1960
One of the most profound leaders during the civil rights movement. Helping lead the montgomery county bus boycott, and assisted in the foundation of the southern chirsitan leadership conference.
While also organize the march on washington he is most known for his " I have a dream speech " in which he called forth for an end in racism and discrimination to minorities.
Figure
Ella Baker
December 13, 1903 - Decmber 13, 1986
She served in many organizations that focused on improving the lives of african americans.
While also serving the the NAACP(National association for the advancement of colored people) and the SCLC( southern christian leadership conference).
She also encouraged young african american activist to participate through taking leadership roles in combating racism.
Hero
Civil Rights Act Passed
July 2, 1964
Term
Passed in 1964 as a federal law that outlawed discrimination based on race color religion se or national orgin in public accommodations.
The Civil Rights act gave opportunites to people of color and other minority groups paving the way for other civil rights movements in the following years.
While also creating equal employement opportunites Commission which invested in claims of job discrimiation.
1964
Civil Rights - The rights of individuals to receive equal treatment and protection under the law regardless of their race gender or religion
March Against Fear
Jun 5, 1966 - June 26, 1966
Was established to draw attention to the many struggles the african american community faced and the continued struggle for civil rights and to enocurage voter registration for minorirties.
The march started from Memphis Tennesee to Jackson Mississippi.
Many of the marchers again faced violent resistance from the white residents of Mississippi and alot of instances of police brutality occuring as well.
The marchers reached their destination on June 1966 in which many civil rights leaders called for an end to segregation.
1966
Term
Jim Crow Laws - A set of state and local laws that enforced racial segregation and discimination in the United States
James Meredith
born in June 25, 1933
After winning a legal cause and getting admitted into Mississippi University his enrollment was met with violent protests from the white community.
Began his solo march from memphis Tennesee to Jackson Mississippi on June 6 1966 and on the second day he was shot by a white supremecist. After surviving his injuries he continued his march and urged others to join him.
Many major civil rights leaders joined him in his march reaching their deistination in Jackson.
Hero
Formation Of The Black Panther Party
October 15, 1966
Founded with the original purpose of protecting african american residents from acts of police brutality.
Eventually developed into fighting to arm all of african americans because of the centuries of explotation by white americans.
Displayed a 10 point program to white america that outlined their ideals and ways of operation. Also supported the black community through chartiable work, donations and food.
1966 Ex
Term
Black Power - A call to african americans to take control of their own destinies and to challenge white supremcy.
Bobby Seale
Born in October 22, 1936
Joined a afro american association in which was a student group that promoted Black Seperatism.
Soon he met with Huey Newton in which soon after they formed the Black Panther Party.
He was repeatly arrested and tried on multiples cases while partipating with the group.
After a decline of the group he taught in afro american students while also helping motivate the youth about soical change.
Figure 1
Huey P Newton
February 17, 1942 - August 22, 1989
As one of the formers of the Black Panther Party he sought to respond to the police brutality and racism associated with african americans.
Later he annocued that the party would adopt a nonviolent ritual and dedicate itself to providing helpful services to the black community as well.
Was then accused of volentary mans salughter and his arrest sparked thousands of protest leading to his conviction overturned.
Figure 2
Assassination of MLK
April 4, 1968
Martin Luther King Jr played a major role in the Civil Rights Movement. King motivated many through his speeaches and non violent approaches.
On April 4, 1968 King was assinated by James Earl Ray while in his hotel in Memphis Tennesee.
Following King's assination were many protestest and riots, which led to major changes in the Civil Rights Movement.
The movement progress advocating for Kings goals in the following years carrying on his word to the next generation of African Americans.
Term
1968
Advocacy - Activity by an indivdual or group that aims to influence decision within political economic or social institutions.
Works Cited
“Home.” The "Conventions" of the Conventions: The Practices of Black Political Citizenship, 25 Feb. 2021, https://coloredconventions.org/black-political-practices/.
“Brown v. Board of Education: Summary, Ruling & Impact.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka.
“Constance Baker Motley.” Constance Baker Motley | Columbia Celebrates Black History and Culture, https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/constance-baker-motley.
“The Little Rock Nine.” National Museum of African American History and Culture, 6 Sept. 2018, https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/little-rock-nine.
Bond-Nelms, Cheryl. “Key Events during the Civil Rights Movement.” AARP, AARP, 4 Nov. 2022, https://www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/civil-rights-events-fd.html.
“Black Panther Party.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 27 Mar. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Panther-Party.
Sources
Works Cited
“Carmichael, Stokely.” The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, 21 May 2018, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/carmichael-stokely.
Staff, WVEC. “Remembering Civil Rights Activist Ann Dearsley-Vernon.” 13newsnow.Com, WVEC, 14 Dec. 2015, https://www.13newsnow.com/article/news/remembering-civil-rights-activist-ann-dearsley-vernon/291-33554299.
“Huey P. Newton.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Huey-P-Newton.
“Freedom Riders - Facts, Timeline & Significance.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-rides.
“Who Was Ella Baker?” Ella Baker Center for Human Rights, https://ellabakercenter.org/who-was-ella-baker/.
“James Meredith.” UM History of Integration, 23 May 2014, https://50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/.