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Country Comparison:

Japan VS England

Geography

1

Japan

Climate: 4 seasons, mild winter (Dec-Feb); warm spring (Mar-May), hot, humid and rainy summer (Jun-Aug), cool autumn (Sep-Nov)

Location: island nation in pacific ocean, part of East asia, +13h time difference

Transportation: Air or boat

Natural resources: Not much except fish, import nearly everything

Natural hazards: Tsunamis, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions

Topography: 75% mountainous

England

Climate: 4 seasons, warm summers, cool winters. Maritime temprature, July and August being the warmest. January and February being the coldest. subet to damp, rainy tempratures.

Location: An island sharing land with Scotland, offshore of Atantic ocean. +5 hours.

Transportation: By air or boat.

Natural Resources: Coal, petroleum, natural gas, limestone, chalk, gypsum, silica, rock salt, china clay, iron ore,tin, silver, gold, lead, arable land, wheat, barley, sheep

Natural hazards: disease, storms, tsunami, earthquake, tornado, avalanche.

Topography: mainly lowlands, mountains in the north-west, highest mountain is 3210ft.

History

2

Japan

One of the key elements to Japan’s economic success post-World War Two was the unique nature of some of its laws and political policies. Because of the Japanese constitution’s renunciation of war, the country no longer channelled all its money and resources into military campaigns. It was able to invest their resources into revitalizing the country and expanding industry and business.

In 1956, the government established the Science and Technology Agency within the prime minister’s office, which coordinated and promoted the use of modern advanced technology. In this time, this emphasis on technology has a profound effect on Japan’s economy. The factories became modern and highly efficient, and the Japanese became adept at producing technical equipment such as electronic devices and parts.

Additionally, Japanese business leaders established and worked hard to maintain good relationships with other nations.

England

On January 1st, 1947 the coal industry was nationalized in England.

The Industrial Revolution brought a lot of resources to the UK. Bringing machinery, skilled workers and manufacturing techniques.

Brexit could affect long term investments in Britain, and trade across the European Union. On the upside the stocks have been on the rise.

England was one of the European Union's original members, yet they never adapted the euro.

The technological revolution brought lots of new technology into businesses.

In 1973, an oil crisis in the Middle East had a big affect on the pound sterling. Inflation caused the currency to be overvalued having it almost collaspe.

In 2008, Europe had a debt crisis. Europe had to be bailed out of debt causing a a fluctuation in the currency, making importing and exporting more difficult.

Religion

3

Japan

Japan has two main religions: Shintoism and Buddhism

Religion does not play a significant role in everyday Japanese life.

In Japan, if a national holiday falls on a Sunday, the following Monday is also turned into a holiday. Likewise, a day sandwiched between two national holidays is turned into a holiday. Some important observations include New Year’s Day. which is the most important holiday, and businesses can remain closed through January 3. Christmas and New Year’s Eve are not national holidays.

Shintoism

What is Shintoism?

The indiginous faith of the Japanese and as old as Japan itself.

- No founder or sacred texts

- Shinto “gods” are called kami. They are sacred spirits which take the form of important life concepts like wind, rain, trees, fertility, etc.

- Humans become kami after death

- An optimistic faith, humans are thought to be generally good

Buddhism

What is Buddhism?

Buddhism: originated in India in 6th century BC

- Consists of teachings of the Buddha, Gautama Siddartha

- Funerals in japan are usually Buddhist

- Of the main branches of Buddhism it is the Mahayana or “greater vehicle” Buddhism which found its way to Japan

England's major religion is Christianity (Anglican)

Religion doesn't have a major impact on the everday life of the british.

Some religious observations that could have an affect on business in the UK are, Good Friday, Easter (Sunday and Monday), Christmas (Eve), Boxing day, and Thanksgiving. All of these holidays are celebrated country wide shutting down most businesses for the day. Business is also never done on a Sunday because that is the Lords day or day of rest.

England

Christianity

Christianity has over 2 billion followers, and over 34,000 denominations.

Based around the belief in God, Jesus and the Holy Spirit.

Derived from Judaism.

Began in 380 AD.

Russia has the most Christian believers in the country, having the most believers in the world.

Comparison of Religion

Comparison

Shinto is a unique religion where the ritual practices,

actions and rites are a lot more significant than the words or preaching. The central focus remains on ritual purity which revolves around the honoring and celebration of the existence of Kami which is the ultimate spirit of essence.

On the other hand, Buddhism is a religion that does not recognize many religious rites or practices. It primarily focuses on the relation and study of the words and philosophies of the Buddha and the paths of existence as showed by him. The foundation of Buddhism lies on the performing of altruism and following the paths of ethical conduct.

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life, teachings, and miracles of Jesus of Nazareth, known by Christians as the Christ, or "Messiah", who is the focal

point of the Christian faiths.

Problems that could occur are difficulties in planning meetings around religious holidays and potential insensitivity regarding religion.

Demographics

4

Population: 127 million

Population growth/decline: -21% (2017)

Population density: 350 people per km²

Immigration and emigration: In 2010, the number of foreigners in Japan exceeded 2.1 million. Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, and Brazilians account for about 69.5% of foreign residents in Japan. The top three cities with significant Japanese population are Los Angeles, USA with 68,689 people, Bangkok, Thailand with 48,700, and Shanghai, China with 46,115. Number of Japanese nationals residing in UK: 64,969 (June, 2016) Number of British nationals residing in Japan: 15,652 (June, 2016)

Ethnic makeup: Though it is said that Ethnic Japanese make up 98.5% of the total population and that the rest are Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6%, in fact these numbers are not known. The Ministry of Justice in Japan conflates nationality with ethnicity, and they have no official data on the actual ethnic breakdown of people in Japan.

Japan

Population: 53.01 million

Pop. growth: +0.8% annual change (growth rate)

Pop. density: 275 people per square km

Immigration to the UK was 588,000 as of 2017, and emigration 43,000 (2017). Most people immigrating into England come from China, Spain, India, Australia, and Poland. People emigrating from England go to the US, Canada, Australia and South Africa.

The ethnic makeup of England is 80% British, 6.8% Asian, 3.4% African, and 0.7% Chinese. The UK being one of the first countries in the world the population is majorly filled with British people.

England

Politics and Economics

5

Japan

Japan is democratic.

Japan is a mixed economy since the government controls some of its production in the market. It is also run by private corporations and is quite competitive due to the trade tariffs and quotas that the government has put in place.

Japan is a developed country and is part of the G8 countries.

Japan is a constitutional monarchy; they have an Emperor and a Prime Minister.

The currency used in Japan is the Yen.

1 CAD = 84.17 Japanese Yen

England is democratic.

England has one of the largest economies, highly industrialized, and is a capitalist economy.

England is a part of the EU (for now) and is a developed country.

England is run by a constitutional monarchy where they have a queen and a Prime Minister.

1 CAD = 0.57 British Pound

England

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

6

POWER DISTANCE (PDI)

54

Japan

This rating indicates that Japan is a borderline hierarchical society. However, it is not as hierarchical as most of the other Asian cultures. Some foreigners experience Japan as extremely hierarchical because of their business experience of painstakingly slow decision making process: all the decisions must be confirmed by each hierarchical layer and finally by the top management in Tokyo. Paradoxically, the exact example of their slow decision making process shows that in Japanese society there is no one top guy who can take decision like in more hierarchical societies.

INDIVIDUALISM (IDV)

46

Japanese society shows many of the characteristics of a collectivistic society: such as putting harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions and people have a strong sense of shame for losing face. Japanese are experienced as collectivistic by Western standards and experienced as Individualist by Asian standards. They are more private and reserved than most other Asians. One seemingly paradoxal example is that Japanese are famous for their loyalty to their companies, while Chinese seem to job hop more easily. However, company loyalty is something, which people have chosen for themselves, which is an Individualist thing to do.

MASCULINITY (MAS)

95

At 95, Japan is one of the most Masculine societies in the world. However, in combination with their mild collectivism, you do not see assertive and competitive individual behaviors which we often associate with Masculine culture. Notorious Japanese workaholism is another expression of their Masculinity. It is still hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their Masculine norm of hard and long working hours.

UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE (UAI)

92

At 92 Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries on earth. This is often attributed to the fact that Japan is constantly threatened by natural disasters.The Japanese learn to prepare themselves for any uncertain situation. In corporate Japan, a lot of time and effort is put into feasibility studies and all the risk factors must be worked out before any project can start. Managers ask for all the detailed facts and figures before taking any decision. This high need for Uncertainty Avoidance is one of the reasons why changes are so difficult to realize in Japan.

Orientation (LTO)

88

At 88 Japan scores as one of the most Long Term Orientation oriented societies. Japanese see their life as a very short moment in a long history of mankind. In corporate Japan, you see long term orientation in the constantly high rate of investment in R&D even in economically difficult times, higher own capital rate, priority to steady growth of market share rather than to a quarterly profit, and so on. They all serve the durability of the companies. The idea behind it is that the companies are not here to make money every quarter for the share holders, but to serve the stake holders and society at large for many generations to come.

Individualism (IDV)

89

England

The British are highly individualist and private people. Children are taught from an early age to keep quiet and think to themselves and to find out what their unique purpose in life is and how they uniquely can contribute to society. The UK are one of the highest rated Individualist economies in the world, only being beaten out by the US and Australia.

Power Distance (PDI)

35

With a score of 35, Britain is a society that believes that inequalities amongst people should be minimized. Interestingly is that research shows PD index lower amongst the higher class in Britain than amongst the working classes. The PDI score at first seems incongruent with the well established and historical British class system and its exposes one of the inherent tensions in the British culture – between the importance of birth rank on the one hand and a deep seated belief that where you are born should not limit how far you can travel in life.

Masculinity (MAS)

66

Britain is a Masculine society – highly success oriented and driven. A key point of confusion for the foreigner lies in the apparent contradiction between the British culture of modesty and understatement which is at odds with the underlying success driven value system in the culture. Critical to understanding the British is being able to ‘’read between the lines’’ What is said is not always what is meant. To succeed in England you must be confident and to the point, if you seem unsure of anything or too laid back they may see you as weak to work with.

Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)

35

At 35 the UK has a low score on Uncertainty Avoidance which means that as a nation they are quite happy to wake up not knowing what the day brings and they are happy to ‘make it up as they go along’ changing plans as new information comes to light. As a low UAI country the British are comfortable in ambiguous situations – the term ‘muddling through’ is a very British way of expressing this.

Orientation (LTO)

51

With a score of 51 it is hard to determine which side the UK is better to be placed with. Based off of long term examples, they would seem to fit better in that category as they are persistent, base relationships off of status and have a sense of shame. Going into business with a country with an LTO score of 51 can be a gray area as you may not know how to proceed in a meeting.

Power distance (PDI)

Canada

With a score of 39 on this dimension, Canadian culture is marked by interdependence among its inhabitants and there is value placed on egalitarianism.hierarchy in Canadian organisations is established for convenience, superiors are always accessible and managers rely on individual employees and teams for their expertise. It is customary for managers and staff members to consult one another and to share information freely.

Individualism (IDV)

Canada scores 80 on this dimension (its highest dimension score) and can be characterized as an Individualist culture. Similar to its American neighbor to the south, this translates into a loosely-knit society in which the expectation is that people look after themselves and their immediate families. Similarly, in the business world, employees are expected to be self-reliant and display initiative. Also, within the exchange-based world of work, hiring and promotion decisions are based merit or evidence of what one has done or can do.

Masculinity (MAS)

Canada scores 52 on this dimension and can be characterized as a moderately “Masculine” society. While Canadians strive to attain high standards of performance in both work and play (sports), the overall cultural tone is more subdued with respect to achievement, success and winning, when compared to the US. Similarly, Canadians also tend to have a work-life balance and are likely to take time to enjoy personal pursuits, family gatherings and life in general. This is not to say that Canadians are not hard workers. As a general rule, Canadians strive to attain high standards of performance in all endeavors.

Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)

The Canadian score on this dimension is 48 and Canadian culture is more “uncertainty accepting.” This is indicative of the easy acceptance of new ideas, innovative products and a willingness to try something new or different, whether it pertains to technology, business practices, or consumer products. Canadians are also tolerant of ideas or opinions from anyone and allow the freedom of expression. At the same time, Canadian culture is not rules-oriented and Canadians tend to be less emotionally expressive than cultures scoring higher on this dimension.

Long term orientation (LTO)

Canada scores 36 in this dimension, marking it as a normative society. People in such societies have a strong concern with establishing the absolute Truth; they are normative in their thinking. They exhibit great respect for traditions, a relatively small propensity to save for the future, and a focus on achieving quick results.

Trading Relationship with Canada

7

Japan

What does Japan import from England: ¥0.71 trillion yen (medical and pharmaceutical products, cars, power engines)

What does England import from Japan: ¥1.48 trillion yen (cars, power engines, car parts)

Japan imports: ¥6,585 billion in March 2018, for mineral fuels (21 percent of total imports) with petroleum accounting for 10 percent, electrical machinery (16 percent), machinery (10 percent), food (9 percent), manufactured goods (9 percent), chemicals (8 percent) and raw materials (6 percent).

Japan exports: ¥7,382 billion in March 2018, for transport equipment (23 percent of total exports) with transport vehicles accounting for 15 percent; machinery (20 percent); electrical machinery (17.5 percent); manufactured goods (11 percent) and chemicals (10 percent).

What Japan imports from Canada: mineral fuels, oils, coal, pork and lumber

What Canada imports from Japan: motor vehicles, machinery, rubber, and auto parts

Trade barriers:

Language, time zone, generally low tariffs,

standards unique to Japan, regulations that favour

domestic products over foreign products

Sanctions:

Japan prohibits the import of certain items including narcotics, firearms, explosives, counterfeit currency, pornography, and products that violate intellectual property laws. In addition, Japan imposes restrictions on the sale or use of certain products including those related to health such as medical products, pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, and chemicals

Canada: Examples of regulated goods include: food products, drugs and medical devices, hazardous products, some offensive weapons and firearms, endangered species and motor vehicles.

Corporate influence: Japan’s system of economic management is probably without parallel in the world. Though the extent of direct state participation in economic activities is limited, the government’s control and influence over business is stronger and more pervasive than in most other countries with market economies. Although limited public records show that Canadian corporations are very active in lobbying governments, making campaign contributions and funding trade associations and policy think-tanks, few Canadian corporations are disclosing this activity to shareholders.

Trade agreements:

Canada-Japan Economic

Partnership Agreement (CJEPA)

England

What does England import from Japan:

10.1 billion pounds (cars, power engines, machinery).

What does Japan import from England: 4.8 million pounds (medical and pharmaceutical, cars, power engines)

England Imports: Machinery (US$82.5 billion)

Vehicles (US$72.8 billion)

Electrical equipment (US$63.9 billion)

Mineral fuels (US$51.8 billion)

Gems and precious stones (US$ 49.8 billion)

England Exports: Machinery (US$68 billion)

Vehicles (US$53.7 billion)

Minerals (US$35.6 billion)

Gems and precious stones (US$32.8 billion)

Electrical equipment (US$28.6 billion)

Imports from Canada: $15 billion (gold, diamonds, oil, wheat, nickel)

Exports to Canada: $29.8 billion (machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment)

Trade Barriers: tarrifs (generally low only on certain items), time zone, EU directives and regulations

Sanctions: A sanction against Russia, mainly political due to russian spy attacks.

Corporate Influence: corporate power has turned england into a corrupt state. 'Dark money' is taking power over business. Other influences are campaign funding, lobbying and regulatory agencies.

Trade Agreements:

Canada-EU (CETA) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

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