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The National Defense Education Act of 1958
K. Warble for HSD 501
Fall 2017
The Law
Overview
"strenthen the national defense"
"assist in...improvement of educational programs to meet critical national needs"
Details
Funding that increased over four years
- year one $183 million year four $222 million
- over $1 billion total
Title III
$ for math, science, language
Eight Title programs
Title II
student loans
Title VI
language & area studies
Title IV
graduate fellowships
Title V
guidance counseling
testing programs
Title IX
Sci Info Institute
Title VII
technology for education
Title VIII
vocational training
October 4, 1957
Sputnik Launch
Soviet Union launches first manmade Earth satellite
Press
Specs
Specs
- 23 inches/58 centimeters diameter
- orbited Earth every 96 minutes
- beeping signal could be heard by radio
- stayed up for 21 days
- about 180 pounds
- Sputnik 2 launched about 1 month later
Uproar
Uproar
- United State no longer supreme power in science & technology?
- Could the Soviets create an ICBM?
Eisenhower had intelligence the US wasn't really far behind in satellite development, but couldn't reveal it
Stakeholder Status
Education prior to Sputnik launch
before
Sputnik
Educators
Educators
- Shift in education after World War II had critics (increasingly "progressive"; not enough "rigor")
- National Education Association had been concerned with loyalty oaths but shifted to preparation for baby boomers (and need for $$)
- Purpose of education: individual student fulfillment or meet the needs of the state?
Scientists & Academicians
Scientists & Academicians
National Science Foundation established in 1950
- Presitigious fellowships for graduate students
- Controversy: fellowships for social scientists?
- NOT focused on K-12 education
Concerns about future of science as an American enterprise
- National Research Council 1955 publication Soviet Professional Manpower: Its Education, Training, and Supply
- Call for improving science education and basic research
Federal Legislation
Federal Legislation
- US Department of Education established 1867 to "help States establish effective school systems"
- 1890 Morrill Act supports land-grant colleges and universities
- 1917 Smith-Hughes Act and 1946 George Barden Act support vocational education
- 1941 Lanham Act and 1950s Impact Aid provide $ for communities impacted by Federal activity
NO Comprehensive Federal Aid to Education
1954
Pre-Sputnik Bills Introduced
- 1947: Senate bill out of Committee for $300 million unrestricted funds to all states (dies due to fight about religious schools)
- 1949: Attempts to attach aid for education to tideland oil bills (unsuccessful)
- 1955, 1956, & 1957: Eisenhower Admin sponsors bills to provide construction loans and grants--none get out of Committee
- 1956 to Sputnik: in House 10 attempts at student scholarships and 3 attempts at student loans (including bills from Sen Hill and Rep Elliott (AL)
Stakeholder Actions
after
Sputnik
Immediately After Sputnik Launch
Scientists & Media
Edward Teller (father of H-bomb) contends US "10 yrs behind" and urges for "commitment at highest levels to shore up nation's scientific education & research"
Legislators
Senator Lister Hill (D-AL) and Representative Carl Elliott (D-AL)
- spend Jan 1958 crafting NDEA
- from "scholarships for equal access" to "education in interest of national defense"
- Chair Committee Hearings about education and science
Asst. Sec. Elliott Richardson of HEW
- Executive Branch agent sets up scientists and Univ presidents to testify
Final push
to NDEA
House
- Representative Elliott introduces HR18301 (NDEA) January 30, 1958
- Referred to Committee on Education and Labor
- Squeaks by Rules Committee to go to House floor August 7, 1958
- Primary objections to Title II National Defense Scholarships
- Further debate August 8, 1958
- Walter Judd (R-MN) proposes deleting Title II and moving funds to Title III Loans to Students (saves the bill)
Senate
- Senator Hill introduces S3187 January 27, 1958
- Hearings in Committee on Labor and Public Welfare
- Successfully framed as "Science and Education for National Defense"
- Approve bill on August 8, 1958
Sent to Conference
- Conference reconciles differences between House and Senate
- final bill is signed by President Eisenhower September 2, 1958
Lasting Impact
Lasting Impact
- Linked education to national defense
- Legitimization of educational technology
- Beginning of standardized testing (ETS testified in hearings)
- Comprehensive Federal funding for schools possible
- Public imagination sparked for possibilities of math & science