Loading…

Нұрғабыл Рахима, Дефектология, 2 курс

zauresh Ersultanova

Updated Dec. 4, 2018

Transcript

HISTORY SOUTH AMERICA

Prepared by: Nurgabyl Rakhima

Defectology, 2 cours

START OF HISTORY

History of South America The history of the continent can be divided into three stages. The first is the period of the rise, rise and fall of the autochthonous civilizations (the Incas, etc.). The second is the era of European conquest (Conquest) and colonialism of 1500–1800, when most of the continent was dependent on two European countries (Spain and Portugal). The third is the period after independence.

Pre-columbian civilization

It is believed that the ancestors of the Indians and Eskimos moved to America approx. 15 thousand years ago from Northeast Asia through the Bering Sea and Bering Strait region (Beringia) [1]. The level of culture of the first settlers corresponded to the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic cultures of the Old World. The resettlement of the Indians on both continents and the development of their new lands dragged on for thousands of years.

Before European colonization (started in the 16th century), most of the tribes of North and South America were at different stages of the communal system: some of them were dominated by the maternal gender (Iroquois, muskogee, Hopi, many tribes of the Amazon River basin, etc.); (tribes of the northwest and southwest of North America, many tribes of South America). Part of the peoples stood at different stages of the transition from the tribal to the class society. Indians of Central and South America (Aztecs, Mayans, Incas) already lived in class societies.

Prerequisites for colonization

The search by the Spaniards (as well as the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and others) of the new route to India was dictated by the accelerated development of European society, the growth of industrial and commercial volumes, the need to find large gold reserves (which was later reflected in the legends about Eldorado and Paytiti), the demand which has increased dramatically. Also important was the fact that the Reconquista of the country, the south of which was freed from the Moors, had just ended in Spain itself. Over the long eight centuries of Reconquista in Spain, a large class of military has emerged, including military adventurers accustomed to living at the expense of booty, looting, looting and exploitation of Moriscos, hiding behind the desire to spread the faith of Christ and liberate the land of Iberia from unbelieving Muslims. It was necessary to urgently occupy these knights with new aggressive projects, otherwise their continued presence in the country could threaten with a social explosion.

CONTINUATIONS

The accelerated growth of the Spanish population has also led to a land shortage in the arid, shallow south of the country. In addition, after the completion of the Reconquista, all Moorish lands were soon divided, and a significant number of so-called Hidalgos, younger sons of knights, who did not receive an inheritance and wandered in search of quick money, industrialized on the roads of the country, appeared in the country. All these groups later formed the basis of the class of conquistadors. At first, Spain planned to continue ousting Muslims from northern Africa, but Muslims showed strong resistance and, apart from capturing a number of small coastal fortresses, success in this direction was insignificant. The attention of the conquistadors soon turned to the conquest of the vast and often sparsely populated spaces of the New World.

War for independence

Prerequisites

The war was caused by dissatisfaction of the general population with the policy of the metropolis: wide bans, discrimination, high taxes that hampered the economic development of the colonies. The beginning of the war was also promoted by the awakening of national self-consciousness, the influence of the war for the independence of the United States, the Great French Revolution, the slave uprising in San Domingo (1791-1803).

The elite of the colonies were officials, generals and officers sent from Spain, who with contempt belonged to the descendants of earlier immigrants from Spain - the Creoles. They were not allowed to top administrative positions.

Creoles were indignant at the fact that the Spanish authorities prohibited the colonies from trading with other countries, which allowed the Spanish traders to inflate the prices of their goods. Britain wanted freedom from Spain for its trade in its colonies. Therefore, the Creoles hoped for her support in the fight against the Spanish authorities.

Among the participants of the liberation movement there were different interests and directions. At the head of the liberation movement stood the officers of the Creole nobles. However, the most radical force of the liberation movement was peasants and artisans, descended from Indians and mestizos, who wanted to break free from the oppression of landowners and usurers, to become owners of their land, as well as negro slaves, who expected to gain freedom [2].

The impetus to the beginning of the war was the events in Spain in 1808, which followed the invasion of Napoleon's troops and led to the country's dependence on France.

In 1809, unrest occurred in Chukisaka (now Sucre), La Paz and other areas of Upper Peru (now Bolivia), in Quito, an anti-Hispanic conspiracy arose in Valladolid (now Morelia, Mexico). Although the rebels did not succeed anywhere, the situation in the colonies escalated sharply. The news of the defeat of the Spanish troops in the metropolis (early 1810) and the occupation of most of the country by the French were the signal for armed uprisings in Spanish America.

Venezuelan Republic

Bolivar took an active part in the overthrow of Spanish rule in Venezuela (April 19, 1810) and the proclamation of its independent republic (July 5, 1811). In the same year, Bolivar was sent by the revolutionary junta (popular assembly) to London to seek support from the British government. The latter, however, preferred to maintain neutrality. Bolivar left agent Louis Lopez Mendes in London to conclude an agreement on the loan and recruitment of soldiers on behalf of Venezuela and returned back with a transport of weapons ...

Soon the Spanish general Monteverde turned for help to the semi-savage inhabitants of the Venezuelan steppes, the “llanos” - the militant ljaneros. At the head of the irregular formations lieneros was put Asturian José Thomas Boves, nicknamed "Boves-Screamer" ... The war took an extremely cruel character. Bolivar decided to do the same, ordering the extermination of all the captives. After the defeat of the army of Bolivar by Spanish troops, he settled in New Granada (now Colombia) in 1812, where he wrote the “Manifesto from Cartagena”, and in early 1813 returned to his homeland. In August 1813 his troops occupied Caracas. The municipality of Caracas solemnly proclaimed Bolivar - "Liberator of Venezuela" (El Libertador). The II Venezuelan Republic was created, led by Bolivar. The National Congress of Venezuela confirmed the title of Liberator assigned to it. However, not daring to carry out reforms in the interests of the lower classes, he failed to enlist their support and was defeated in 1814. On July 6, 1814, the cramped army of Simon Bolivar by the Spanish troops was forced to leave the capital ... Forced to seek refuge in Jamaica, Bolivar published an open letter there in September 1815, expressing his confidence in the imminent release of Spanish America.

Collapse of the Colombian Federation

Bolivar’s plan was to form the Southern United States (Sur de Estados Unidos), which would include Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, La Plata and Chile. On June 22, 1826, Bolivar convened a Congress of representatives of all these states in Panama, which, however, soon fell apart. After the failure of the Panama Congress, Bolivar exclaimed in his hearts: I am like that crazy Greek who, sitting on a cliff, tried to command the ships passing by! ..

Soon after the Bolivar project became widely known, they began to accuse him of wanting to create an empire under his power, where he would play the role of Napoleon. Party disputes began in Colombia. Some deputies, led by General Paez, proclaimed autonomy, others wanted to adopt the Bolivian Code.

Bolivar quickly arrived in Colombia and, having assumed dictatorial powers, convened a national assembly on 2 March 1828 in Ocana to discuss the question: "Should the state constitution be transformed?" Congress could not reach a final agreement and after several meetings closed.

Meanwhile, the Peruvians rejected the Bolivian Code and took away the title of president for life from Bolivar. Having lost power in Peru and Bolivia, Bolivar joined Bogota on June 20, 1828, where he established his residence as ruler of Colombia. But on September 25, 1828, the federalists broke into his palace, killed the sentries, Bolivar himself escaped only by a miracle. However, the majority of the population acted on his side, and this allowed Bolivar to suppress the rebellion, which was headed by Vice President Santander. The head of the conspirators was first sentenced to death, and then expelled from the country, along with 70 of his supporters.

The following year, anarchy intensified. On November 25, 1829 in Caracas itself, 486 distinguished citizens proclaimed the separation of Venezuela from Colombia.

Colombian Education

Finally realizing the need for the liberation of slaves and solutions to other social problems, Bolivar convinced the president of Haiti, A. Pétienard, military aid and in December 1816 landed on the coast of Venezuela. The abolition of slavery (1816) and a decree issued in 1817 about giving land to the soldiers of the liberation army allowed him to expand the social base. On the side of Simon Bolivar came the detachments of llaneros, which after the death of Boves (1814), a new leader appeared - José Antonio Paes, himself a native llanero ...

After an unsuccessful attempt to gather around him all the leaders of the revolution, in order to act according to a common plan, Bolivar, with the help of the Dutch merchant Brion, in May 1817 seized Angostura and raised all of Guiana against Spain. Then Bolivar ordered the arrest of his former associates Piar and Marino (the first was executed on October 16, 1817). In February 1818, thanks to the sending of soldiers-mercenaries from London, he managed to form a new army. Following successful operations in Venezuela, his troops liberated New Granada in 1819. In December 1819, he was elected president of the proclaimed National Congress in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar) of the Republic of Colombia, which included Venezuela and New Granada. In 1822, Colombians expelled the Spanish forces from the province of Quito (now Ecuador), which joined Colombia.

Proclamation of independence of Brazil

The independence of the Portuguese possessions in South America was obtained in a much more bloodless way than in the case of the Spanish colonies.

In 1808, when Napoleon’s army began the war against Portugal, it was decided to transport the king and his court to Rio de Janeiro, where they remained until 1821. The British government took direct part in this move. It took advantage of the plight of Portugal and, with the intention of receiving even greater privileges in trade, gave the ships necessary for the royal family to move.

Don Juan VI transferred Portuguese state institutions to Rio de Janeiro, founded the royal library, military academy, medical and law schools. By his decree on December 16, 1815, he gave all Portuguese possessions the status of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and Algarve, thus making Brazil equal to Portugal.

In 1811, taking advantage of the instability in the area of La Plata during the national liberation movement in Spanish America, Juan sent troops to the Eastern strip (now Uruguay), but thanks to the British mediation, on May 26, 1812, Herrera-Reidmaker signed. In accordance with the third article of the treatise, the Portuguese troops had to leave the "Spanish territory".

But in 1816, João again sent troops to the Eastern strip and captured it in 1817.

In 1821, King João VI was forced to surrender to the political pressure of Portugal and return to Lisbon, leaving his successor to Pedro in Rio and endowing him with the title of viceroy of the viceroy.

In September 1821, the Portuguese parliament voted to dissolve the kingdom of Brazil and the royal institutions in Rio de Janeiro, thereby subordinating all the provinces of Brazil directly to Lisbon. At the same time, military units were sent to Brazil, and all Brazilian military units were transferred under Portuguese command. Refusing to execute the order, on September 7, 1822, Don Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil, and on October 12, 1822, was crowned as her first emperor, Pedro I.

XX century

The beginning of the twentieth century in South America was marked by the naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil and Chile, which began in 1907. The reason for the aggravation of the naval rivalry was the order of Brazil in the UK of three dreadnoughts, which at that time represented the newest class of large surface ships and had the greatest firepower. The Argentine-Chilean arms race (1887-1902), which coincided with the fall of the Brazilian monarchy and general instability in the country, put the Brazilian fleet in a position in which it yielded to rivals in terms of quality and tonnage. In 1904, Brazilian politicians for the first time raised the question of strengthening the national fleet, pursuing the common goal of bringing Brazil among the world powers. At the end of 1905, three battleships were ordered, but the order was canceled in 1906, shortly after the UK built the revolutionary Dreadnought. Instead of battleships on the English stocks, the corps of two Brazilian dreadnoughts of the Minas Gerais type were laid with the expectation of building another one in the future.

Argentina and Chile prematurely terminated the agreement on the limitation of naval armaments concluded in 1902, and ordered two ships of their own types: Rivadavia type was built for Argentina in the USA, and the Almirante Latorre Chilean type in Britain. Meanwhile, the construction of the third Brazilian dreadnought - "Rio de Janeiro" - was canceled in favor of an even more powerful ship. The project of the latter was revised several times during construction, but after the final approval of the project in the Brazilian government they realized that the new ship would be inferior to the super-dreadnoughts that had appeared by that time. The unfinished Rio de Janeiro was put up for auction and was soon sold to the Ottoman Empire. Instead, they planned to build a super-dreadnought “Riachuelo” at the Armstrong shipyard, but the World War I that started soon prevented the implementation of this plan: British shipbuilders stopped working on foreign orders, focusing on the needs of the Royal Navy. Both Chilean Dreadnought were bought by the UK and became part of its navy. Two Argentine ships built in the neutral United States were handed over to the customer in 1915.

World War I put an end to the South American dreadnought race.