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Intro to Personality

Introduction

What is personality?

  • Personality is defined as the personal qualities and characteristics of an individual.
  • Personality is the sum of characteristics of an individual which makes him different from others.
  • Personality is nothing but the aggregate conglomeration of memories and incidents in an individual’s entire life span.
  • Our personality makes us unique and helps us stand apart from the crowd.
  • Personality influences what we think, our beliefs, values and expectations.

Determinants of Personality

1. Heredity - Heredity refers to factors that are determined once an individual is born. An individual’s physique, attractiveness, body type, complexion, body weight depends on his/her parents’ biological makeup.

2. Environment - The environment to which an individual is subjected to during his growing years plays an important role in determining his/her personality. The varied culture in which we are brought up and our family background has a crucial role in shaping our personalities.

3. Situation - An individual’s personality also changes according to a person’s current situation. For eg., a student’s behavior would be different when he is interacting with his teachers and when he is chatting with his friends.

What is Personality Development?

  • Personality development is defined as a process of developing and enhancing one’s personality.
  • Personality development helps an individual to gain confidence and high self-esteem.
  • Personality development has a positive impact on one’s communication skills.
  • Individuals tend to develop a positive attitude as a result of personality development.

Personality Traits

Personality Traits

  • There are five parameters which describe an individual’s personality. They are also called as “Big Five” Factors, and the model is referred to as Five Factor Model and it describes the relation between an individual’s personality and various behaviours.
  • The Five Factor Model was initially proposed by Costa & McCrae in the year 1992.

1. Openness to experience

• They are very active, have a tremendous inclination towards creativity and aesthetics and listen to their heart, i.e. follow their inner feelings.

• Such individuals are generally open to new learnings, skill sets and experiences.

• They are broadminded and modern in their outlook as compared to individuals who score low on the same parameter. Narrow minded individuals are conservative, reluctant to changes and have a traditional approach in life.

4. Agreeableness

• Agreeableness is a personality trait which makes individuals to be adjustable in almost all situations.

• Such individuals do not crib and face changes with a smile.

• They adapt themselves to all situations and are friendly and kind hearted.

• People who score high on agreeableness are ready to help others and flash their trillion-dollar smile whenever a problem arises.

• Individuals who score low on agreeableness on the other hand find difficulties in adjusting with others and are little unfriendly.

3. Extraversion and Introversion

Carl Jung popularized both the terms - “Extraversion” and “Introversion”.

a. Extraversion:

• Extraversion refers to a state where individuals show more concern towards what is happening outside.

• They love interacting with people around and are generally talkative.

• They do not like spending time alone but love being the centre of attraction of parties and social gatherings.

• Such individuals love going out, partying, meeting people and often get bored when they are all by themselves.

• They admire the company of others and hate staying alone.

2. Conscientiousness

• Individuals with a conscientiousness personality trait listen to their conscience and act accordingly.

• They are extremely cautious and self-disciplined. They never perform any task in haste but think twice before acting.

• People with this personality trait are generally methodical and tend to become perfectionists in the long run.

• People who score high on conscientiousness are proactive, goal oriented and self-disciplined.

• They strive hard to accomplish goals and objectives within the stipulated time frame. Individuals who score low on this parameter are a little laid back and are not much goal oriented.

5. Neuroticism

• Neuroticism is a trait where individuals are prone to negative thoughts such as anxiety, anger, envy, guilt and so on.

• Such individuals are often in a state of depression and do not know how to enjoy life.

• They always look at the negative sides of life and find extremely difficult to cope up with stress.

b. Introversion:

• Introversion refers to a state when an individual is concerned only with his own life and nothing else.

• Such individuals do not bother about others and are seldom interested in what is happening around.

• They prefer staying back at home rather than going out and spending time with friends. Such individuals speak less and enjoy their own company.

• You would never find them in meetings, clubs, parties or social get-togethers.

• They generally do not have many friends and tend to rely on few trusted ones.

1. The id:

• It is the Latin for the term “it,”. This division of the mind includes our basic instincts, inborn dispositions, and animalistic urges.

• Freud said that the id is totally unconscious, that we are unaware of its workings.

• The id is not rational; it imagines, dreams, and invents things to get us what we want.

• Freud said that the id operates according to the pleasure principle—it aims toward pleasurable things and away from painful things.

• The id aims to satisfy our biological urges and drives. It includes feelings of hunger, thirst, sex, and other natural body desires aimed at deriving pleasure.

1. The id:

• It is the Latin for the term “it,”. This division of the mind includes our basic instincts, inborn dispositions, and animalistic urges.

• Freud said that the id is totally unconscious, that we are unaware of its workings.

• The id is not rational; it imagines, dreams, and invents things to get us what we want.

• Freud said that the id operates according to the pleasure principle—it aims toward pleasurable things and away from painful things.

• The id aims to satisfy our biological urges and drives. It includes feelings of hunger, thirst, sex, and other natural body desires aimed at deriving pleasure.

2. The ego:

• Ego is the Greek and Latin word for the word I.

• This personality structure begins developing in childhood and can be interpreted as the “self.”

• The ego is partly conscious and partly unconscious.

• The ego operates according to the principle of reality. It attempts to help the id get what it wants by judging the difference between real and imaginary.

• If a person is hungry, the id might begin to imagine food and even dream about food. (The id is not rational).

• The ego, however, will try to determine how to get some real food.

• The ego helps a person satisfy needs through reality.

3.The superego:

• Super ego means “above the ego,” and includes the moral ideas that a person learns within the family and society.

• The superego gives people feelings of pride when they do something correct (the ego ideal) and feelings of guilt when they do something they consider to be morally wrong (the conscience).

• The superego, like the ego, is partly conscious and partly unconscious.

• The superego is a child’s moral barometer, and it creates feelings of pride and guilt according to the beliefs that have been learned within the family and the culture.

Theories of Personality

1.Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud theorized that personality contains three structures—the id, ego, and superego—and that the mind is like an iceberg, the unconscious making up 90% while the conscious (like the tip of the iceberg floating above water) makes only 10% of the mind.

Freud said that the mind is like an iceberg in the ocean, floating 10% above the water and 90% below.

Only about 10% of our behaviours are caused by conscious awareness—about 90% are produced by unconscious factors.

According to psychoanalytic theory, most of what controls our behaviours, thoughts, and feelings is unknown to our aware minds. Normally, the unconscious guides us.

• Although these are known as structures, do not take the term literally. Freud did not mean that these are physical parts of our bodies or our brains. He coined these terms and proposed this division of the mind as abstract ideas meant to help us understand how personality develops and works, and how mental illnesses can develop.

• Healthy personality development requires a balance between the id and the superego. These two divisions of the mind are naturally in conflict with one another: The id attempts to satisfy animal, biological urges, while the superego preaches patience and restraint.

• The struggle between these two is an example of intrapsychic conflict—conflict within the mind.

• According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are automatic (unconscious) reactions to the fear that the id’s desires will overwhelm the ego.

• Freud believed that a healthy personality is one in which the id’s demands are met but also the superego is satisfied in making the person feel proud and not being overwhelmed by guilt.

• If the id is too strong, a person will be rude, overbearing, selfish, and animalistic.

• If the superego is too strong, a person is constantly worried, nervous, and full of guilt and anxiety and is always repressing the id’s desires.

• An overly strong id makes one a psychopath, lacking a conscience, or an ogre, selfishly meeting one’s needs without concern for others.

• An overly strong superego, on the other hand, makes one a worrier, a neurotic, so overwhelmed by guilt that it is difficult to get satisfaction

2.Erikson’s Theory:

• Erikson converted Freud’s emphasis to a focus on social relationships into eight psychosocial stages. These stages became known as the Eight Ages of Man.

• Each of Erikson’s eight stages was described as a time of crisis—a time when the personality would go one way or the other. For example, identity crisis.

• Each of the stages has this either-or quality.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: (Eight Ages of Man)

Importance

of Personality

Importance of Personality Development

a. Confidence

b.Credibility

c.Interaction

d.Leading and Motivating

e.Soft skills

f.Communication skills

Self Awareness

Self-Awareness

• Self-awareness is defined as an awareness of one’s own personality or individuality. The term self often refers to yourself, myself, himself/herself or oneself.

• Self-awareness means the habit of paying attention to the way you think, feel, and behave.

• Self-awareness is understanding your own needs, desires and habits and failures.

• Self-awareness is having a clear perception of your personality, including strengths and weakness, thoughts, beliefs, motivation and emotions.

• Self-awareness is the ability to see yourself clearly and objectively through reflection and introspection.

• Self-awareness is the first step in creating what you want and mastering your life. Where you focus your attention, your emotions, reactions, personality and behavior determine where you go in life.

• Self-awareness means paying attention to and trying to learn about our own psychology.

Why do we need self-awareness?

• The more we pay attention to our emotions and how we work, the better we will understand, why we do the things we do. The more we know about our own habits, the easier it is to improve your habits.

• People with a high degree of social intelligence know themselves, have the ability to build and maintain strong, mutually beneficial relationships with others, and are able to resolve conflicts in a positive manner.

• Self-awareness allows you to understand other people, how they perceive you, your attitude and your responses to them in the moment.

• The more you know yourself, the better you are at adapting to life changes that suit your needs.

• Having self-awareness allows you to see where your thoughts and emotions are taking you. It also allows you to take control of your emotions, behavior and personality so that you can make the changes you want.

Benefits of Self-awareness

1.Better relationships

2.Improved mental state of mind

3.Clearer thinking and better decision-making

4.More effective communication

5.Increased productivity

How to increase self-awareness

1. Look at yourself objectively

2. Keep a journal

3. Write down your goals, plans, and priorities

4. Perform daily self-reflection

5. Practice meditation and other mindfulness habits

6. Take personality and psychometric tests

7. Ask trusted friends to describe you

8. Ask for feedback at work

SWOT Analysis

SWOT Analysis

Components

Strength

Weakness

Opportunities

Threats

Advantages of conducting a personal SWOT Analysis

• Helps to develops strategies to attain your goals

• You can be better than your friends and colleagues

• Shows where you currently stand on the path of success

• Measures your scopes of reaching desired goals

• Boosts your career, life and personality

• Helps to better understand who you really are as a person

• Maximizes your strengths and diminishes your weaknesses

• Explores and also enhances your soft skills and hard skills

• It helps you understand your preferences and personality traits.

• Focuses on your attitudes, abilities, skills, capabilities and capacities

Strengths (S)

• These are the traits or skills that set you apart from others.

• Questions to ask include:

• What benefits do you have which others do not have? This could include skills, education, or

• connections.

• What are you better at than anyone else?

• What personal resources do you have access to?

• What do other people see as your strengths?

• Which achievements are you most proud of?

• What values do you believe in that others fail to show?

• Are you part of a network no one else is involved in? What connections do you have with powerful people?

Weakness(W)

• This part examines the areas in which you need to improve and the things that will set you back in your career.

• Questions to consider include:

• What work do you usually avoid because of lack of confidence?

• What do people think your weaknesses are?

• Are you happy with your education and skills training?

• Do you have any negative work habits?

• Which of your personality traits hold you back?

Opportunities(O)

• For the opportunities section, look at the external factors you can take advantage of to pursue a promotion, find a new job or determine a career direction.

• What new technology can assist you?

• Can you take advantage of the market in its present state?

• Do you have a network of strategic contacts to offer good advice or help you?

• Is any of your competitors failing to do something important? Can you take advantage of it?

• Is there a need in your company which no one is filling?

• Could you create an opportunity by offering solutions to problems?

Threats(T)

• This part takes into account the external factors that could hurt your chances to attain your goals. The factors to take into account include:

• What hindrances do you currently face at work?

• Is any of your co-workers competing with you for projects or roles?

• Is your job changing?

• Can technological changes threaten your position?

• Could any of your weaknesses lead to threats?

Example

My Weaknesses

• Wastage of time in university or at home.

• Take tension and because of tension I can’t concentrate on anything like in my studies.

• Less confident.

• Not a good presenter.

• I can’t memorize the lectures of any subjects.

• Little bit weak in English-speaking.

• Always be confused between two or more.

• Suddenly can trust anyone.

• Over confident.

My Strengths

• Punctuality.

• Can do conceptual study.

• Good in finance.

• My supportive family is my biggest strength.

• Friendly.

MY Opportunities

• As I have done diploma in computer hardware and software, and also have practically done that, is a great opportunity for me in the future.

• Another opportunity for me is, completing the BBA from HITEC University I can do CA or MBA.

• Opportunity for me in summer holidays I can do the job of computer hardware and software with my cousin.

• Or another opportunity for me in summer holidays to improve my GPA.

• Or can improve my English in holidays.

MY Threats

• Threats for me in now a day are my fellows in studies.

• After BBA or MBA threats for me, the students of other university.

• Threat can be unemployment in India for me in future.

• Because of any financial crisis in my family I could not complete my studie

Goals

What Is A Goal?

• A desired result a person or a system envisions, plans and commits to achieve a personal or organizational desired end-point in some sort of assumed development.

• Any planning you do for the future regardless of what it is, is a goal.

• Goal is the end toward which the effort is directed at.

Short term goals

A short-term goal is something you want to do in the near future. The near future can mean today, this week, this month, or even this year. A short-term goal is something you want to accomplish soon.

A short term goal is a goal you can achieve in 12 months or less. Examples include:

• Take a class

• Buy a new television

• Write my resume

Long term Goals

A long-term goal is something you want to do further in the future. Long-term goals require time and planning. They are not something you can do this week or even this year. Long-term goals usually take 12 months or more to achieve.

Here are examples of goals that can take several years to achieve:

• Graduate from college

• Save for retirement

• Have my own business

Importance of Setting Goals

1. Goals Give You Focus

2. Goals Allow You to Measure Progress

3. Goals Keep You Undistracted

4. Goals Help You Overcome Procrastination

5. Goals Give You Motivation

Setting Effective Goals

SMART Goals

A useful way of making goals more powerful is to use the SMART mnemonic.

SMART usually stands for:

• S – Specific (or Significant).

• M – Measurable (or Meaningful).

• A – Attainable (or Action-Oriented).

• R – Relevant (or Rewarding).

• T – Time-bound (or Trackable).

Effective goal setting:

• State each goal as a positive statement

• Be precise

• Set priorities

• Write goals down

• Keep operational goals small

• Set performance goals, not outcome goals

• Set realistic goals

Principles of Goal setting

1. Set Clear And Concise Goals

2. Make Your Goals Challenging

3. Be Truly Committed To Your Goals

4. Review And Acquire Feedback On Your Progress

5. Break Down Complex Tasks Into Simpler Tasks

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