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Women in Nazi Germany
5
WOMEN
IN NAZI GERMANY
"Beautiful and useful"
Introduction
- A woman purpose was to bear children.
- Self reliance was not encouraged.
- They had to submit themselves and bring children into world.
- Devoted to their husband.
...Even more women...
By 1943...
Had to stand by their men, this time as:
- Armament workers
- In anti-aircraft service
- Emergency workers for the German Army.
After the catastrophe was also women who must clear away the rubble.
Development
Before the Nazis, women had done very well in Germany.
- Women could vote at 20 years old.
- They had guaranteed freedoms.
- Access to University.
- Had job opportunities.
Roles of a perfect Nazi Woman
The 3 K's
Hitler believed the role of a perfect Nazi woman should involve three things:
Kinder = children
Kuche = cooking
Kirche = church
The birth rate was declining...
Marriage Law
In 1933 the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage was passed by Hitler.
All newly married couples would get a government loan of 1000 marks.
- 1 child meant a 25% off.
- 2 children meant that 50% of the loan need not be paid back.
- 4 children meant that the entire loan was cleared.
"You're a German"
In 1934 the Nazi Racial Policy Bureau introduced ten rules to be observed when considering a marriage partner:
This included:
Being a German, only choose a spouse or similar or related blood! When choosing your spouse, inquire into his or her forebears...
Hope for as many children as possible! Your duty is to produce at least four offspring in order to ensure the future of the national stock.
Lebensborn Programme
Unmarried women were encouraged for having child.
Special buildings in the cities selected single mothers or unmarried women to get pregnant by an SS man.
These movements were advertised by the government.
Lebensborn and Motherhood
August 12th
Motherhood Cross
On August 12th was the birthday of Hitler’s mother. On this day each year, the Motherhood Cross was awarded to women who had given birth to the largest number of children.
The gold cross went to women who had produced 8 children or more; silver was for 6 children and bronze was for 4 children.
Work
Work Rights
A career was seen as temporary.
Limited opportunities. Nazis encouraged discrimination against women applicants for jobs
Data
Married women doctors and civil servants were dismissed in 1934 and from June 1936 women could no longer act as judges or public prosecutors.
By the end of 1934, around 360,000 women had given up work.
Appearance
"Ethic"
-No make up nor trousers
-No dyeing hair
-Only flat shoes
-Well built figure
Ideal woman
Aesthetic
A German woman does not smoke!
They were taught to do without cosmetics and to dress the simplest they could.
- Broad-hipped figures
- Unencumbered by corsets
- Radiant blondness
Propaganda
Propaganda
Designed to elevate women's role.
Motherhood was glorified in posters, paintings and sculptures.
Promote male superiority and the importance of child-bearing.
Woman during the WWII
WWII
In 1937 there is a huge change
-Employment in industry was needed
-Women made up a third of the employed workforce.
In 1939 all young women had to complete a year of Labour Service
Young women were sent to farms, seen as the female parallel to compulsory military service