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What is a Treaty?
Treaties of the European Union
Treaty is...
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international) agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same.
But...
What are the sources of European Union?
Primary law
Primary law
It consist mainly of the founding treaties of the European Union. The Treaties contain formal and substantive provisions, which frame policies of the EU institutions and determine the division of competences between the European Union and the Member States
Secondary law
The secondary law is divided in two different part:
Secondary law
Regulations
A regulation is a legislative act of the EU that becomes immediately enforceable as law in all Member States
simultaneously. Regulations are binding, in the sense that what they say is law and they do not need to be
mediated into national law by means of implementing measures.
Regulations
Directive
A directive is a legislative act of the EU that requires Member States to achieve a particular result without
dictating the means of achieving that result. Directives normally leave Member States with a certain amount of
leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted.
Directive
Supplementary law
Supplementary law
Supplementary law is divided in three different part:
Case law
Is the set of reported judicial decision of courts of first instance which make new interpretations of the
law and, therefore, can be cited as precedents in a process known as stare decisis. These interpretations are
distinguished from statutory law (statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies), and regulatory law
(regulations established by governmental agencies based on statutory law).
Case law
International law
Is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between countries.
It differs from national legal system in that it only concerns nations rather than private citizens.
International law
General principles of European Union law
General principles of European Union law
The general principles of European Union law are general principles of law which European Union judges
apply when determine the lawfulness of legislative and administrative measures within the EU.
Main treaties
Here are some examples of the most important European treaties:
Main treaties
Treaty of Lisbon
Treaty of Lisbon
Signed: 13 December 2007
Entered into force: 1 December 2009
Purpose: to make the EU more democratic, more efficient and better able to address global problems, such as climate change, with one voice.
Treaty of Nice
Treaty of Nice
Signed: 26 February 2001
Entered into force: 1 February 2003
Purpose: to reform the institutions so that the EU could function efficiently after reaching 25 member countries.
Treaty on European Union - Maastricht Treaty
Treaty on European Union - Maastricht Treaty
Signed: 7 February 1992
Entered into force: 1 November 1993
Purpose: to prepare for European Monetary Union and introduce elements of a political union (citizenship, common foreign and internal affairs policy).