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It is a condition in which a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome — hence its other name, trisomy 21. This causes physical and mental developmental delays and disabilities.
Trisomy 21 - the most common form of this disease, there’s an extra copy of chromosome 21 in every cell.
Mosaicism - extra chromosome in some but not all of their cells. People with mosaic Down syndrome tend to have fewer symptoms than those with trisomy 21.
Translocation - only an extra part of chromosome 21. There are 46 total chromosomes. However, one of them has an extra piece of chromosome 21 attached.
At birth, babies with Down syndrome usually have certain characteristic signs, including:
Mental and social development delays may mean that the child could have:
In children with Down syndrome, one of the chromosomes doesn’t separate properly. The baby ends up with three copies, or an extra partial copy, of chromosome 21, instead of two. This extra chromosome causes problems as the brain and physical features develop.
According to the National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), about 1 in 700 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome. It’s the most common genetic disorder in the United States.
Medical complications often accompany Down syndrome. These may include:
Many of the mentioned disabilities are lifelong, and they can also shorten life expectancy. However, people with Down syndrome can live healthy and fulfilling lives. The lifespan for people with Down syndrome has improved dramatically in recent decades. In early 60's, a baby born with Down syndrome often didn’t see their 10th birthday. Today, life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has reached an average of 50 to 60 years.
Certain parents have a greater chance of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome. According to the Centers for Disease and Prevention, mothers aged 35 and older are more likely to have a baby with Down syndrome than younger mothers. The probability increases the older the mother is. However, the majority of babies with Down syndrome are born to mothers less than 35 years old, because there are many more births among younger women.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 'Facts about Down syndrome', April 6, 2021, available at: cdc.gov. Accessed at: 14.11.2021
Karen G, M.D. 'Down Syndrome', 29.11.2019, available at: healthline.com. Accessed at: 14.11.2021
National Down Syndrome Society, 'What is Down Syndrome', 2021. Available at: ndss.org. Accessed at: 14.11.2021