Hypergammaglobulinemia
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Hyper and Hypoglobulinemia
HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
AND HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
IMMUNOGLOBIN
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells (white blood cells). They act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to particular antigens, such as bacteria or viruses, and aiding in their destruction.
Ig G
1. monomer
2. most abundant
3. seen in secondary immune response
4. crosses placental barrier
5. active in opsonisation effect of antibody
IgG
Ig A
I. Dimer
2. subunits connected by j chain
3. Secretory antibody in the body
4. Alpha heavy chain
Ig A
Ig M
1. pentamer
2. AKA macroglobulins as they are the largest in size
3. pentamer subunits attached by j chain
4. natural antibodies; present as iso-hem-agglutinins
5. Mu heavy chain
Ig M
IgE
1. monomer
2. rarest antibody
3. mediate allergy anaphylaxis
4. Epsilon heavy chain
Ig E
Ig D
1. Monomer
2. Delta heavy chain
Ig D
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WHAT IS HYPER AND HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA??
Hypergammaglobulinaemia
A nonspecific stimulation of Ig synthesis occurs in many diseases leading to increased gamma-globulin concentration (i.e. hypergammaglobulinaemia).
causes are as follows
1) Chronic infections : leprosy, tuberculosis and kala-azar
2) Malignancies: multiple myeloma, liver cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis and collagen disorder
3) Autoimmune disorder s:rheumatoid arthritis, collagen disorders and glomerulonephritis
Hypergammaglobulinaemia
Hypogammaglobulinemia
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Question
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hypothesis
Procedure and Materials
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Experiment and Results
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The Experiment
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Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell
In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells.
Biochemical basis for multiple myeloma
Multiple Myeloma (Plasmacytoma)
When Ig-secreting cells are transformed into malignant cells, one clone alone is enormously proliferated.
Thus, Ig molecules of the very same type are produced in large quantities.
The paraprotein is seen in electrophoresis as a sharp narrow spike, the myeloma band or monoclonal band or M band with a sharp narrow spike .
The M band is commonly seen in the gamma region, but may also be found in the beta or alpha-2 region.
Multiple myeloma is characterized by paraproteinemia, anemia, lytic bone lesions, and proteinuria.
conclusion
Bone marrow examination reveals large number of malignant plasma cells.
Spontaneous pathological fracture of weight bearing bones, rib, and vertebrae may occur. X-ray shows punched out osteolytic lesions.
Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria are common features.
The total immunoglobulin content in plasma may be very high; but useful antibodies may be very low, so that general immunity is depressed and recurrent infections are common.
The average survival is more than 5 years.