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Bio Basis; Altered States
1
Systems
this is
MY mind
Your Biological Basis of Behavior
Daily Sparks
Q1-4 through Q1-6
Daily Spark 9/9/2019
9/9
1. How is the brain monitored and studied?
2. What parts of the brain do you know?
- What do they do?
3. How is the human brain different from that of a rat?
Daily Spark 9/10/2019
Create/finish skits/comics/organizer to help you remember the different ways we "screen" the brain
9/10
Daily Spark 9/11
9/11
Select a paper from the jar. Describe the structure:
Where is it located?
What does it look like? (Include illustration.)
What are its major functions?
What techniques are used to view or measure it?
What happens when it is damaged?
What other structures is it near?
What other structures help or perform similar functions?
Daily Spark 9/12/19
9/12
1. Which part of the brain do you think is the most important? Why?
2. What is the function of a neuron?
3. How would your life change if you were missing a part of your brain?
Daily Spark 9/13/19
9/13
1. Label the steps needed for a neuron to fire.
2. Which section of your nervous system is the most important? Why?
3. What are you most looking forward to this weekend?
Daily Spark 9/16/19
9/16
1. What is the function of the hypothalamus?
2. Which drug has the most impact on an individual? Explain.
3. List at least one positive from your weekend.
Daily Spark 9/17
9/17
1. What is the typical outcome for someone who has had a brain injury?
2. The brain has high plasticity. Explain what plasticity means.
3. List and describe one case study we have already discussed in this unit.
Daily Spark 9/18/19
1. Explain the parts and functions of the limbic system.
9/18
Daily Spark 9/19/19
List and explain the parts of the hindbrain and the neo-cortex
9/19
Daily Spark 9/20/19
9/20
Study with a partner for your test.
Draw and label the lobes of the brain
Draw and label the parts of the neuron
Daily spark 9/23
9/23
1. Describe a time you have not been able to sleep. What caused you to not sleep?
2. Do you snore? How does this effect your sleeping?
3. What is one (school appropriate) positive from your weekend. :)
Daily Spark 9/24/19
9/24
1. List at least two ways that consciousness can be altered from an awake/alert stage.
2. Describe how you feel when you do not get enough sleep. When you get a lot of sleep.
3. Determine how many hours a night you sleep, on average. Is this sleep "good" sleep?
Daily Spark 9/25/19
9/25
1. Describe at least 3 reasons why humans need sleep
2. What is an altered state of consciousness? Give an example of a time you have experienced this.
3. Put your head down. We will come back 10 minutes to the end of class
Daily Spark 9/26/19
9/26
1. Describe how our biological functions influence our daily functioning
2. How did you feel after spending the day resting? Did it impact your performance on class/activities in the afternoon?
3. Why is it helpful to measure and study sleep?
No SCHOOL
Sleep well!!!
9/27
https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/image.html
Studying the Brain
The Brain
Screening
CT Scans
X-Ray images to show brain damage
PET Scans
Depicts brain activity by showing each brain area’s consumption of its chemical fuel, the sugar glucose
MRI Scans
The person’s head is put in a strong magnetic field, which aligns the spinning atoms of brain molecules.
Then, a radio-wave pulse momentarily disorients the atoms.
When the atoms return to their normal spin, they emit signals that provide a detailed picture of soft tissues, including the brain
fMRI
Detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain. It provides both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain.
EEG
Electrodes hooked to the skull that allow the study of the brain functions and regions used during different tasks
Brief Case Studies
The Case of HM
Phineas Gage
Clive Wearing
Skit or Organizer
With a partner, create a skit, comic, or other organizer to help you remember each of the different screening tools used to study the brain
Parts of the Brain
At Large
Parts of the Hind Brain
Hind
Medulla - Controls breathing and heart
Pons - Controls sleep
Reticular Formation - Nerve network - acts as the gate keeper for the brain in receiving information from the spinal cord
Thalamus - Sensory control center (except smell). Sends sensory information to necessary areas in the brain
Cerebellum - "little brain" - controls balance, procedural memory, and reasoning. New research has shown cerebellum may have a part in each function of the brain
Part of the Midbrain - Limbic System
Mid
Amygdala - Controls fear and emotional responses
Hypothalamus - In charge of the endocrine system - hunger, thirst, adrenaline, sex drives, temperature
Hippocampus - Controls memory storage of facts and events (episodic/explicit memories)
Fore
Neo - Cortex
Lobes
Part of the brain that makes you - you. In charge of planning, language, abstract thought, consciousness, etc.
Frontal Lobe
In charge of thinking, planning, decision making, reasoning.
Not fully developed until age 25
Frontal Lobe
Broca's Area
Language association area that leaves individual without the ability to coherently speak
Broca's
Area
Parietal Lobe
Houses your motor functioning (motor cortex) and your touch sensations (somatosensory cortex)
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
In charge of hearing
Temporal Lobe
Wernicke's Area
Association area in the brain that allows the understanding of spoken word
Wenircke's Area
Occipital Lobe
In charge of vision
Occipital Lobe
Parts of the Brain
List includes parts of the brain stem and parts of the limbic system. These are considered your "lizard" brain and your "mammal" brain.
Parts
Medulla
Controls breathing and heart rate
Memory trick - Breathe in saying medulla, breathe out saying oblongata
Medulla
Pons
Controls sleep
Memory trick - imagine you are sleeping on a canoe in the middle of a "pon"d
pons
Reticular Formation
Nerve network - acts as the gate keeper for the brain in receiving information from the spinal cord
Memory Trick - Football players form a reticular formation to keep the other team out of the end zone
reticular Formation
Thalamus
Thalamus
Sensory control center (except smell). Sends sensory information to necessary areas in the brain
Memory trick - Traffic is directed by Hal and Amus
Cerebellum
"little brain" - controls balance, procedural memory, and reasoning.
New research has shown cerebellum may have a part in each function of the brain
Memory Trick
Cerebellum
Amygdala
Amygdala
Amygdala - Controls fear and emotional responses
Memory Trick - Amy G. Dala is always mad
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
In charge of the endocrine system - hunger, thirst, adrenaline, sex drives, temperature
Memory Trick- The 4 F's - Feeding, Fighting, Fever, and Reproduction
Hippocampus
Hippocampus
Controls memory storage of facts and events (episodic/explicit memories)
Memory Tick - You'll always remember a pink hippo on campus
Corpus Callosum
Hippocampus
Large concentration of neurons that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
Often severed to reduce seizures in epilepsy patients. Some can be born without it.
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Nervous Systems
Nervous
Central Nervous System
The Brain and the Spinal Cord - Controls mains bodily functions
CNS
Peripheral Nervous system
Sensory and motor neurons that connects the CNS to the rest of the body
PNS
Somatic Nervous System
Controls body skeletal muscles
Somatic
Sensory Input
Motor Output
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic
Controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs (heart)
Parasympathetic - Calms
Sympathetic - Arouses
Para
sympathetic
Sympathetic
Neurons
Brains and nervous system cells that allow communication between cells, body, and brain
Neurons
Neuro- transmitters
The Endocrine System
Chemical Communication system
Made up of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream - controlled by hypothalamus
Memory trick - hand sweeps for each gland
Endocrine
Glands
Pituitary
Thyroid/ParaThyroid
Secretes hormones - master gland
Metabolism and calcium
Glands
Adrenal
Ovary/Testes
Release Adrenaline - "fight or flight" response
Secrete sex hormones - testosterone/estrogen
Neurons
Neurons
Neuron Parts
Parts
Dendrites - "little tress" - receive messages from other neurons
Soma - Cell body
Axon - Arm that holds firing potential to release neurotransmitters
Myelin Sheath - fatty tissue that protects axon and speeds transmission
Axon terminals - release neurotransmitters to send messages to other neurons
Synapse - space between two neurons - where neurotransmitters are released
Transmission
Transmission
1. Neuron receives info from other neurons via neurotransmitters
2. "All or None" response triggered - enough info came in to tell the cell to fire
3. Threshold is crossed - action potential is reached
4. Sodium ions move into axon, potassium moves out
5. Neurotransmitters released from terminal buttons across the synaptic gap
Neurotransmitters
Neurotrans
mitters
1. Acetylcholine (ACh) causes contraction of the skeletal muscles, helps regulate heart muscles, promotes arousal in the brain, and transmits messages between the brain and spinal cord. Low ACh means low arousal and low attention; its depletion is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
2. Glutamate and aspartate stimulate receptors associated with learning and memory, as well as many sensory and motor functions. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. An overabundance of glutamate may lead to migraine headaches; often connected with MSG (monosodium glutamate) in foods, a result of overstimulation
.
3. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) inhibits the firing of neurons. It is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is associated with calming effects. A lack of GABA is connected to seizures, tremors, insomnia, anxiety, epilepsy, and Huntington’s disease.
4. Dopamine (DA) is primarily involved in processing smooth and coordinated gross motor movements and in attention, learning, and reinforcing effects of several often-abused drugs. Parkinson’s disease is associated with the death of DA-producing neurons. Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens is linked to addictive drugs, sex, and attention grabbing experiences in general, including videogame playing.
5. Norepinephrine (NE) is found in neurons in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). NE governs sympathetic arousal by activating the heart and blood vessels, thus giving rise to the “fight or flight” syndrome as well as other excitatory actions. It is also released in the brain to enhance attention and memory for emotionally charged events.
6. Serotonin (SE or 5-HT, for 5-hydroxytryptamine) plays a role in the regulation of mood; control of eating, sleep, arousal; the regulation of pain; and control of dreaming. Most of the drugs that relieve depression increase activity at serotonergic synapses.
7. Endorphins are often considered the brain’s own painkillers. These are endogenous chemicals that modulate the experience of pain or pleasure.
Cont.
Adapt
Heredity
Jigsaw
p. 129
Group together, Read, Summarize
No Thanks!
Intro & Genes
Twins
Heredity
Gene/Enviro Interact
Introduction
LAB JOURNAL INSTRUCTIONS
Monday - High Acidity Liquid
Tuesday - Exercise immediately before bed
Wednesday - Chocolate, milk, spicy food, meat, etc.
Thursday - NO SLEEP - or other alternative
Sleeps
Levels of Consciousness
levels of consciousness
1. Wakefulness is a state of consciousness characterized by high levels of awareness, behavior, and thought.
2. Sleep is a state of consciousness characterized by lower levels of physical activity and sensory awareness.
3. A preconscious state is when mental events are outside of current conscious awareness but can be brought into consciousness voluntarily (ie remembering).
4. A nonconscious state is when mental processing occurs outside conscious awareness (e.g., controlling heart rate, respiration, and temperature).
5. An unconscious state is the lack of awareness (e.g., a state rendered by drug-induced anesthesia for medical procedures).
Freud - unconscious served as a repository for
sexual/aggressive urges via repression.
Jung - unconscious was gateway to collective
unconscious. (ancient)
Why we sleep
Sleep?
Consciousness is a state of awareness
- Can be alert to non-alert (altered state)
Sleep is difficult to monitor
- can't ask a sleeping person to respond
- Helped with EEG Machine (electroncephalograph) = measures brain waves
Sleep is unresponsiveness to the environment with limited physical mobility
Why do we sleep?
Is restorative from stress and exhaustion?
Primitive Hibernation? - to conserve energy?
Is adaptive to keep safe at night?
Sleep to clear minds of info?
Do we sleep to dream?
Sleep Cycles
Sleep Cycle
Graphic
Graphic Organizer
Create a graphic organizer to describe sleep patterns.
Discuss brain waves and physiological activity at each stage of sleep
Quantity and Quality
Everyone needs different amounts of sleep
- Spend 1/3 of our lives sleeping
Quantity and Quality
Circadian Rhythm
- Biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses in given time period
- Typically 24-25 hour period
- Controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus (melatonin)
Additionally, you have other "cycles" that are controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
(your biological "clock")
dreams
Content:
- Most are commonplace
+ i.e. Living room, car, street
- Most emotions are negative
Correspond to normal time scale
- Sense of dread in nightmares b/c of intensity of brain activity
Dreams
Interpretations:
Freud: Dreams contain clues to thoughts dreamer is afraid to
acknowledge
Kleitman: Dreaming may serve no function
Crick: Dreams used to remove unneeded memories
Sleep Disorders
Disorders
A. Insomnia refers to difficulty in falling or remaining asleep.
1. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder; it is often associated with feelings of fatigue
B. Narcolepsy is an irresistible urge to sleep and is often associated with cataplexy (lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness).
1. Episodes are much like REM sleep (dream-like hallucinations).
C. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which an individual periodically stops breathing during sleep and wakes to resume breathing. This can occur hundreds of times in a given night and results in daytime fatigue and exhaustion
D. Night terrors are the sense of panic during which sleepers may scream or try to protect themselves from an unseen danger. Night terrors usually occur during non-REM stages of sleep.