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Explain one study of enculturation.
Explain one study of acculturation.
Topics:
Social Identity Theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Stereotypes
The Idea that as humans we are social creatures, and while we have one identity of who we are, we also have a social identity that may chane depending on who we are with.
The original theory of Social Identity proposed by Tajfel & Turner identified four psychological mechanisms:
Social categorization
Social identification
Social comparison
Aim:
If people are more likely to help someone in the same group
Procedure:
Participants were primed with a questionnaire about the home team, or about being a football fan. Afterward an actor would while wearing either the away teams, home teams jersey, neutral.
Results:
People were more likely to help him if he appeared in the in-group jersey. Or if they were primed for a football fan in general were more likely to help anyone with a football jersey as opposed to a neutral shirt
Aim:
to determine if in-group identity would affect one's willingness to conform.
Sample:
Fifty undergraduate students (23 males and 27 females) enrolled in an introductory psychology course
A version of Ashe's Conformity Study
Procedures
At the start of the experiment, the confederates were introduced either as first-year students from the psychology department of another university (in-group) or as students of ancient history (out-group).
The participants were instructed not to talk to each other.
As in the Asch paradigm, the participants were shown a stimulus line, and then three other lines - one of which was the same length as the stimulus line. The task was to identify which of the three lines matched the stimulus line. Confederates only gave the correct response half the times.
In the public condition, all four members of the group gave their judgments aloud, and the experimenter recorded the real participant’s responses.
In the private condition, however, the experimenter asked if one of the participants would note down the responses, in order to leave her free to operate the computer. The real participant, who happened to be nearest, was asked if he or she would like to record responses.
The three confederates then gave their judgments aloud in turn and the real participant recorded their responses on a score sheet along with his or her own, privately.
Results
Implications
The results seem to indicate that social categorization can play a key role in one’s decision to conform publicly.
Juries?
Emergency situations?
Sexuality?
Bagby & Rector (1992)
Participants read a transcript of a rape trial which varied the ethnicity of the defendant and victim. The participants were asked to determine the defendant's guilt on a 7-point scale. All participants were French Canadians. The researchers found that the French Canadian participants rated the out-group (English) defendant more guilty when the victim was from the in-group (French) than when she was from the out-group (English).
Drury et al. (2009)
Used both virtual reality simulations and personal stories of real disasters and found that people in a crowd develop a shared social identity based on their common experience in an emergency. It results in what they call "collective resilience."
He found that making their identity as "Americans" or "passengers" or "fellow football fans" more salient, they were willing to act as a group and not panic in an emergency situation. This is better than using sirens or other emergency signals.
Bem (1996) has argued that early childhood preference for opposite-sex peers leads to the eroticization of the out-group, which consists of same-sex peers.
In other words, she argues that if a girl identifies more with male peers and remains almost exclusively in that gender group, she will identify more with the boys. As boys develop and begin to eroticize the out-group - that is, girls - then the girl would do the same.
This is an attempt to explain same-sex attraction from a sociocultural level of analysis.
This may explain why some girls (or boys) are attracted to the same gender, but it does not predict very well whether this will be the case. Many girls play with a predominantly male peer group and do not end up being attracted to the same sex.
Attention:
Retention:
Motivation:
Potential:
Think about our SOs at our school, how could we increase the social learning aspect
Aim:
determine the extent to which film-mediated aggressive models may serve as an important source of imitative behavior
Sample:
48 boys and 48 girls
between 3 to 5 ½ years old
Procedures:
Results:
Evaluation
???
Aim:
studied the impact of television on children's aggressive behavior
Sample:
120 elementary school kids
3 Canadian cities
One that just TV reception for first time (Notel)
Research Method:
Natural Experiment
Procedures:
Results:
Prejudice
Implicit Bias
Discrimination
In and Out Groups
Levine Study
Aim:
to see whether stereotypes could be the result of conformity to group norms
Sample:
Stratified sample of 500 White Europeans aged 20 and over, living in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) for a period of fewer than five years to over forty years.
Method:
cross-sectional correlation study
Procedures:
Results
Implications
Evaluation?
When prejudice is an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
This has happened throughout history:
Our brains use and LOVE shortcuts, or categories, so we quickly categorize people into groups based on easily identifiable traits (looks, behaviors, etc.), and then we stereotype that group based on the few experiences we’ve had
Studies have shown that prejudice effects all of the following:
Stereotype threat
Self-fulfilling prophecy
For the Brown v. Board of Education case, psychologist Kenneth Clark conducted an experiment to find the effects of segregation on black children.
The Clarks concluded that prejudice, discrimination, and segregation caused black children to develop a sense of inferiority and self-hatred.
Aim:
To investigate test performance as a function of stereotype threat in whites vs blacks
Procedure:
Divide people into two groups
Experimental group was told they are taking a test to measure verbal abilities and limitations
Control group told they were taking a test better understand psychological factors in problem solving
Results:
Implications and Evaluation?
Aim:
To investigate if students where greater academic growth is expected, will see greater academic growth
Procedures:
Teacher were told that based on IQ scores certain students were expected to be “growth spurters”
Contact hypothesis:
stereotypes and prejudice toward a group will diminish as contact with the group increases.
Is this enough?
Research has recently shown that no, it’s not enough by itself. It is part of the solution but there must be some intentionality, educational techniques to address the social cognition and perceptions.
Results:
Implications and Evaluation?
SAQs
Explain one cultural dimension.
Explain one study of one cultural dimension.
Explain one study of one effect of culture on behavior or cognition.
ERQs
Discuss one or more cultural dimensions.
Discuss one or more studies of one cultural dimension.
Discuss one or more effects of culture on behavior and/or cognition.
Surface culture
Deep culture
Hofstede (1980)
Collectivism vs Individualism
Power Distance
How people relate to authority
Uncertainty Avoidance
Femininity or Masculinity
Indulgence or self restraint
Long-term versus Short-term Orientation
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries
1. You are a cultural psychologist who works for a big transnational company. One of your Danish employees has never been out of his country before and is about to move to Korea. In Korea, he will be working as the manager of his division. What advice can you give him based on what we know about the dimensions of Korean culture?
2. Max is Russian. He is coming to you for marriage therapy as he and his wife, who is from Thailand, are having difficulties. You wonder if there could be a cultural basis to their difficulties and do some research on the cultural differences. What questions might you ask them based on what you know about their respective cultures?
3. A Czech student is trying to decide on which international school to go to in Prague. There is an American school, a French school and a Russian school. Based on her cultural background, which school do you think that she would most easily adjust to? Be able to defend your response.
Evaluation of Hofstedes Study
Strengths
Limitations
Relationships?, Doctor Visits?, Being the boss? Etc…
Aim:
To investigate medical communication between cultures in regard to power distance
Method:
Videotaped doctor sessions and followed up with questionnaires
Sample:
around 300 doctors and 5000 patients in 10 European countries
Results:
High PDI – short sessions, one sided with Dr talking
Low PDI – longer sessions, Dr more open to questions, shared more information
Aim
To investigate the relationship between power distance and empowerment in the workplace
Sample
135 MBA students from Canada
Procedure
Divided students up into low PDI and High PDI using country of origin and language
Placed them in a management simulations where they were either empowered or disempowered (structured tasks and responsibilities)
Results
All scored well in satisfaction in empowerment situations
High PDI did not perform as well when empowered vs disempowered
Low PDI performed better when empowered vs disempowered
Discuss one or more studies of enculturation.
Discuss one or more studies of acculturation.
The psychological impact of adaptation to a new culture. As with any type of stress, long term acculturation stress also may lead to reduced mental and physical health.
Another term for acculturation stress is “culture shock.”
Reverse culture shock
Also known as acculturation dissonance.
These are differences in understandings and values between parents and children as they go through the process of acculturation.
This occurs when parents have a different acculturation strategy from their children (see Berry’s model).
Aim:
Sample:
Method & Procedure:
What do you predict would be the findings of the study?
Results:
People who did the following were less likely to have acculturation stress
Aim:
Sample:
Method & Procedure:
What do you predict would be the findings of the study?
Results:
People who had these protective factors less likely to be stressed
What was do we see enculturation in society?
Enculturation is the process of how we adopt the behaviors that are the norm for our culture.
Method: Experiment
Aim: To study
Procedures:
Results:
Implications
Method: Naturalistic Observation
Sample: 24 Families (12 with a girl and 12 with a boy of 2 years of age)
Procedure:
Results:
US President during Great Depression and WW2
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