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Age of Anxiety
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Transcript
Age of Anxiety
Search for Security
Impact of WWI
- Conflicts over border regions
- League of Nations ineffective
- Efforts at promoting disarmament failed
- French pursued coercion policy
- April 1921: Allied Reparations Commission set sum of $33 million in German reparations
- 1st payment made in 1921
- Germany later announced it was unable to make more payments
- French troops sent to Ruhr Valley to threaten Germany to resume payments
- German response: increased printing of paper money
- Results: political upheaval & communist uprisings
Hopeful Years, 1924-1929
Hopeful Years
- New German government
- Gustav Stresemann ended passive resistance policy
- Determined to fulfill provisions of the Treaty of Versailles
- Ended extreme inflation
- August 1924: Dawes Plan
- Reduce reparations
- Set payments that DE could make
- Loan granted for German recovery
Spirit of Locarno
Spirit of Locarno
- New attempts at European diplomacy
- Treaty of Locarno (1925)
- Led by German & French foreign ministers (Stresemann & Briand)
- Set Germany's western borders with France & Belgium
- Hope for a new era of European peace
- March 1926: Germany entered League of Nations
- Kellog-Briand Pact
- Created by Frank Kellog (US) & Briand (FR)
- 63 nations pledged to "renounce war as instrument of national policy"
Coexistence with Soviet Russia
- 1924: Soviets gave up idea that Communism would spread west
- Full diplomatic relations made with Germany, France, Great Britain & other small nations
Soviet Russia
Think Break!
Think Break!
In your "Lecture/Discussion" document in Schoology, write a response to the following discussion question.
1. What attempts at creating peace and stability were made post-WWI?
The Great Depression
- Protectionism & trade barriers (post-war)
- War debts made post-war prosperity an illusion
Great Depression
Causes of Depression
Causes
- Two major factors:
- (1) Downturn of domestic economies
- (2) US Stock Market crash (1929)
- Mid-1920s: overproduction led to decrease in food prices
- 1927: European markets returned to pre-war levels
- Drop in coal industry due to increased use of oil & hydroelectricity
- US loans to Germany resulted in prosperity
- 23 billion Marks invested to German industries & municipal bonds
- Money pulled out to invest in NY stock market (1928-1929)
1929 Stock Market Crash
- October 1929
- Americans withdrew money from Germany & other European markets
- Weakening those economies
- May 31, 1931: Credit-Anstalt collapsed
- Trade decreased
- Industries cut production
- Unemployment increased
Crash of 1929
Unemployment
- 1932: worst year of Depression
- Great Britain: 1 in 4 workers unemployed
- Germany: 40% (6 million) of work force unemployed
- 1929-1932: US industrial production fell 50%
Unemployment
Political & Social Repercussions
Repercussions
- Women: access to low-income jobs
- Many men remained unemployed
- Many joined gangs, begged on streets, completed housework
- Governments unable to truly deal with problems
- (1) Increased role in economy
- (2) Interest in Marxism renewed
- (3) Communism gained popularity with workers & intellectuals
- Rise in fascism
- Nation above individual
- Centralized government under leadership of dictator
- Strictly controlled economy & society
- Suppression of opposition
Think Break!
Think Break!
In your "Lecture/Discussion" document in Schoology, write a response to the following discussion question.
2. What were the causes and effects of the global economic crisis in the 1920s and 1930s?
Great Britain
- 1921: unemployment at 2 million
- 1923: Labour Party gained over Liberals
- November: Ramsey MacDonald named prime minister (lasting only 10 months)
- Stanley Baldwin: new prime minister, advised by Conservatives
- 1929: 2nd Labour government failed to solve problems & ended in 1931
- National Government
- Liberal-Conservative coalition
- Balanced budgets & protective tariffs
- 1936: unemployment down to 1.6 million
Democracy in the West
France
France
- Became strongest European power (continent)
- Prosperity (1926-1929)
- 1932: political chaos as result of Depression
- 1932-1933: right-wing groups marched in demonstrations
- February 1934: right-wing riots drove leftist parties to create the Popular Front (1936)
- Popular Front (failed effort)
- Socialists & Radicals (leftists)
- (1) Anti-clericalism & militarism
- (2) Education important
- Prime minister: Leon Blum (Socialist)
- French New Deal
- Program for workers
- (1) Collective bargaining
- (2) 40-hour work week
- (3) 2-week paid vacations
- (4) Minimum wage
Middle East
- 1932: Saudi Arabia & Iraq independent
- Mandates: Syria, Lebanon, Jordan & Palestine
- Plans to divide Ottomans between FR & GB
- 1923: Republic of Turkey established by General Mustafa Kemal
- Turkey
- (1) Democratic system & state-run industrialization
- (2) Women given equal marriage & inheritance rights
- 1934: right to vote
- (3) Secularization
Colonial Empires
India
India
- Mohandas Ghandi (1869-1948)
- Led non-violent resistance movement
- Goals: (1) help the poor & (2) force British troops to grant independence
- Amristar Massacre (1919)
- British troops fired at protestors & pilgrims during religious ceremonies
- Civil Disobedience
- Peaceful protests
- Response to massacre
- 1935: self-government granted
Africa
- Africans learned about freedom & nationalism
- Became more politically active
- Trade unions created in Nigeria & South Africa
- 1930s: African leaders demanded independence
- W.E.B DuBois (1868-1940): wanted to teach Africans their heritage
- Marcus Garvey (1887-1940): expressed need for unity of all Africans
- Jomo Kenyatta (1894-1978): stated that British were destroying African traditions
Authoritarian & Totalitarian States
- Distrust in democracy post-war
- Societies divided along class lines
- Cohesion weakened by change in gender roles
- Politics polarized & radicalized
- Totalitarian states:
- Government controlled (1) economy, (2) politics, (3) social, cultural & intellectual life
- "Active loyalty"
- Mass propaganda
- Rejection of limited government
Authoritarian & Totalitarian States
Fascist Italy
- 1861: became new European state
- WWI losses: 700,000 soldiers & 148 billion lire
- WWI gains: new territories
- Depression era
- Inflation
- Unemployment
- Government incapable of solving issues
Italy
Birth of Fascism
- Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)
- Elementary school teacher
- Socialist
- 1912: editor of Avanti
- Allied with Liberals
- Fascio de Combattimento (1919)
- Mussolini's political movement
- 1919-1920: strike (industrial/agricultural)
- Squadristi attacked socialist offices & newspapers
- May 1921 elections
- Fascists won 35 parliamentary seats
- October 24, 1922: Mussolini encouraged the Black Shirts to march to Rome
- October 29, 1922: Mussolini named prime minister
Mussolini as Prime Minister
- April 6, 1924: national elections
- Fascists won 65% of votes
- 1926: Fascist dictatorship established & anti-Fascist parties outlawed
- OVRA: secret police
- Control of mass media (failure)
- Education policies & organizations created
- Lateran Accords
- February 1929
- Recognized sovereignty of Vatican City
- Papacy recognized Fascist state
Mussolini
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Soviet Union
- March 1921: plan for modified capitalist system
- 1922: Lenin creates new state, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
- Improvements
- (1) Agricultural production to 75% of pre-war levels
- (2) Coal productions at pre-war levels (1926)
- NEP saved Soviet Union from collapse
Struggle for Power
- January 21, 1924: Lenin died & struggle for power broke out
- Left led by Trotsky who wanted to end the NEP
- Right rejected revolution & wanted to focus on socialist state
Power
Joseph Stalin, 1879-1953
Stalin
- 1903: joined Bolsheviks
- Became party general secretary, using position to gain control of communist party
- 1927: Trotsky kicked out of party & moved to Mexico
- 1929: Stalin eliminate the Old Bolsheviks & established a dictatorship
Stalinist Era, 1929-1939
Stalinist Era
- Five Year Plans
- 1928: 1st Five Year Plan transformed SU into industrial state
- 1928-1937: steel production increased to 18 million ton & coal output to 128 million tons
- Costs of industrialization
- Investment in housing dropped
- Wages dropped 34% )1928-1940)
- Use of propaganda
- Collectivization of agriculture
- Eliminated Kulaks
- 1930: 10 million peasant households collectivized
- Strengthened party bureaucracy
- Purges (1936-1938)
- (1) Bolsheviks put on trial & sentence to death
- (2) Army officers, diplomats, party members, etc. arrested
- Many sent to forced labor camps to die
Think Break!
Think Break!
In your "Lecture/Discussion" document in Schoology, write a response to the following discussion question.
3. What were the consequences of Stalin's economic policies and totalitarian rule in the Soviet Union?
Authoritarianism
- Conservative authoritarian governments
- Limited mass participation
- 1920s: parliamentary systems in Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania & Bulgaria
- 1924: Greece - republic
- Hungary: landed aristocracy-controlled parliament
Eastern Europe
Transformation to Authoritarianism
- Failure of parliamentary systems
- Bulgaria (1923): military coup d'etat led to authoritarian regime
- Poland (1926): military dictatorship of Marshal Joseph Pilsudski
- Yugoslavia (1929): royal dictatorship of King Alexander I
- Hungary (1932):
- Romania: Legion of the Archangel Michael, fascist movement led by Cornelius Codreanu
- Crushed by King Carol II, established authoritarian rule
- Greece (1936): dictatorship of General Ioannis Metaxas
Transformation
Spain
Iberian Peninsula
- Peninsula dominated by powerful landlords & Catholic clergy
- Parliamentary monarchy unable to cope with post-war problems
- September 1923: General Miguel Primo De Rivera led coup & established dictatorship
- Collapsed due to Great Depression
- 1936: Popular Front took over
- Anti-fascists (democrats, socialists, communists)
- General Francisco Franco led revolt
Spanish Civil War
- Division between Left & Right
- Left: republicans in support of Popular Front
- Right: nationalists in support of Franco's coup
- 1936: non-intervention agreement signed (FR, GB, DE, IT, & SU)
- April 26, 1937: air raid in Guernica
- Republican sought help from Soviets
- March 28, 1939: Franco's forces captured Madrid
Spanish Civil War
Franco Regime
Franco's Regime
- Not fascist
- Outlawed opposition
- Large landowners, business & clergy
- Managed media
- "Traditional, conservative, authoritarian"
Portugal
- 1910: republic replaced monarchy
- Great Depression & inflation caused instability
- 1926: group of army officers took power
- 1930s: Antonio Salazar (1889-1970), military junta's finance minister, became leader of regime
- Dictatorship lasted for 40 years
Think Break!
In your "Lecture/Discussion" document in Schoology, write a response to the following discussion question.
4. What factors led to the development of fascist and totalitarian regimes in the aftermath of World War I?
Think Break!
Expansion of Mass Culture
Mass Culture
- Capital of entertainment: Berlin
- Radios & movies
- Marconi discovered "wireless" radio waves
- 1926: British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
- 1939: 40% adults attended movies weekly, 60% by end of WWII
- Radio/movies used for political purposes
- Joseph Goebbels, DE propaganda minister
- Production of documentaries & popular films promoting Nazi message
- Triumph of Will (1934)
- Censorship of news in DE & IT
Mass Leisure
- More free time
- Sports
- Increased attendance at professional sporting events (especially soccer)
- 1930: World Cup inaugurated
- Stadium building
- 1936: Olympic stadium in Berlin
- Tourism
- Air travel now a possibility
- 1919: 1st regular international mail service
- Buses, trains, & private cars (popular & affordable)
- Locations: resorts & beaches
- France: Popular Front created laws
- 15-day paid vacations (summer)
Organized Mass Leisure
Italy & Germany
Italy
- Dopolavoro: national recreation agency
- Clubhouses with libraries, athletic facilities & radios
- Travel agencies
- Auditoriums
- Concerts, roller skating, movies & ballroom dancing
Germany
- Kraft durch Freude ("Strenght through Joy")
- Leisure activities, films, guided tours & sporting events
- Vacation packages
Art & Music
- German Expressionists
- Captured effects of war
- George Grosz (1893-1959): art an expression of anger
- Otto Dix (1891-1969): served in WWI; The War
- Surrealism: objects portrayed in unrecognizable ways/relationships
- Evocative images portraying dreams, nightmares, & fantasies
- Salvador Dali (1904-1989)
- Spanish painter; The Persistence of Memory (1931)
The Dada Movement
- Dadaism: "anti-art" movement; contempt for Western civilization & war
- Tristan Tzara (1896-1945): founder of Dadaism
- Hannah Hoch (1889-1978): movement to focus on women's roles in mass culture
Dadaism
Modern Architecture
- Functionalism: design & materials to be determined based off object's function
- US became leader in new design
- The Chicago School (1890s)
- Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959)
- Bauhaus School of Art, Architecture & Design (1919)
- Walter Gropius (1883-1969): founder; Berlin architect
Modern Architecture
Music & Drama
Popular Audience
- Kurt Weill (1900-1950): German classical composer interested in jazz & other popular music
- The Threepenny Opera
- Edwin Piscator: German director; experimental drama using politics
- Resistance to modern music
- Arnold Schonberg (1874-1951): Viennese composer
Culture of Nazism
Culture of Nazism
- 1920s: Weimar Germany center for modern arts/sciences
- Nazi Germany
- Artists & writers strictly controlled
- Only permitted works that supported Nazi ideology
- Ernest Junger: The Storm of Steel
- Rejected modern art & Jewish art
- Confiscated & destroyed thousands of paintings
- "New German" art:
- Themes: health, strength & heroism
The Unconscious in Literature
Literature
- "Stream of consciousness" technique
- Inner monologues
- James Joyce (1882-1941): Ulysses (1922)
- Virginia Woolf (1882-1942): Bloomsbury Circle member
- Wanted to create new literary form
- Mrs. Dalloway & Jacob's Room
- Herman Hess (1877-1962): German writer; explored spiritual loneliness of humans
- Demian & Steppenwold
- Won Nobel Peace Prize (1946)
- Inspired German youth
the Unconscious in Psychology
Psychology & Physics
- Increased interest in psychology
- 1920s: psychoanalysis developed into a new profession (especially in US)
- Carl Jung (1856-1961): challenged Freud's ideas
- Studied dreams
- (1) "Personal unconsciousness"
- (2) "Collective unconsciousness"
- Mind only partly personal
"Heroic Age of Physics"
Physics
- Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937): demonstrated how atoms split
- 1940s: physicists learned enough to develop atomic bomb
- Distinguished 7 subatomic particles
- New belief: "all phenomena can be predicted"
- Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976): German physicist
- Uncertainty principle (quantum mechanics)
Think Break!
In your "Lecture/Discussion" document in Schoology, write a response to the following discussion question.
5. What significant changes to social life and mass culture did Europeans experience post-WWI?
Think Break!
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