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Post-
Structuralism
Post-Structuralism
Topic
Grounded in the concept of overdetermination, even when the concept does not appear explicitly in textual presentations.
Post-Structuralism
recognizes the power of discourse to shape reality (both perceptions of reality and the concrete reality that is perceived
Post-Structuralism
focuses on the concept of overdetermination in which we do not separate theory or assumptions from what is real and at the same time how reality is not separated from theory.
These two always comes together, these two compliments together for theory alone without reality could be pointless without facts and experiences that would suffice these theories as acceptable
Allows us to look at things in a bigger picture, to look at the world by weighing the truths and facts and to see the meaning of everything.
Language
the element to interact with the society and through discourses, certain information are accepted as truth or shut out options that are not accepted
History
Topic
- Started around 1960's in France
- Emerged as an antinomian movement critiquing structuralism
- Reacted against linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure
- Writers included in the movement: Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Michel Faoucault
Structuralism vs. Post-Structuralism
- Builds on the insights of structuralism, it holds all meaning to be fluid rather than universal and predictable
- It is necessary to study both the object itself, and the systems of knowledge which were coordinated to produce the object
- theoretical approach that identifies patterns in social arrangements, most notably language
- focuses on the differential relations between the objects they studied rather than the objects themselves
Jacques Derrida
Book of Grammatology
Jacques Derrida
What did he mean by this?
When critiquing something should we take into account nothing but the text?
or that there is "nothing outside the text" where everything is in the text itself and so we must take into account all interpretations?
Topic
Derrida was interested in how the meaning of a given text infers might be as reliant upon what is absent from it as much as what is present
In structuralism, individual words came to a meaning because they do not mean something else
Example:
Example
The color red is called red because it is neither blue nor yellow.
A leaf is called a leaf because it is not a branch or a trunk or a tree
Derrida argued that any use of a given term always carries with it "trace" of its opposite.
for example:
when you say, "I am an adult"
you are also saying "I am no longer a child"
child being the opposite of adult
This means that
there are always alternate possible interpretations hiding there waiting to be discovered.
Deconstruction
Deconstruction
Methodology for textual analysis that questions the fundamental conceptual distinctions for oppositions
Deconstruction
Process of writing always reveals s what has been suppressed
Seeks to draw out hidden meanings beneath the surface
questions binaries of meaning which a less critical reader might ignore
With this thought
These point to the somewhat larger implications of the poststructuralist observation that language is highly flawed.
Language does not always express the meanings we intend
Because its is human creation consider whether it might be open to the same biases of race, gender, class etc.
Example
example
Man is used to describe all of humanity
Adding of suffix to make it female such as in:
Actor = Actress
Prince = Princess
Director = Directress
Binary Language
This creates a clear binary between men and women as two distinct categories of people even when doing the same job
The application of root term (Prince) to men and the adjusted term (Princess) to women clearly presents men as a kind of norm and women as a form of deviation
Language is the medium through which we think and talk about the world
Binary in language helps us to sustain an unequal binary way of thinking about a certain topic
Language
Post-structuralism
Post-Structuralism aims to deconstruct such binaries
In a society that language is the primary medium through which we reach consensus of what one counts as "reason" and "truth", it asks us to question whether such things can ever be objectively decided upon once and for all
Topic
If language is flawed then our conclusions must also be flawed.
conclusion
Topic
Unlike structuralism that views the world as a structured system with regularities that one can observe and identify, it suggests that not everything has a straightforward explanation.
This approach or way of thinking allows us to look beyond and deeper
Post-structuralism takes into account complexities, dynamism and non-linearity.
Due to this, it can be used to rethink ideas and problems.
Importance
The importance of post-structuralism is that it allows us to understand change in a deeper way and from multiple points of view
A post structural approach assumes that the "main thing in the structure is not the structure, but what leads beyond it"
This way of thinking leads us to ideas far from the intended which can lead to changes (not always good)
Identifying the structure of an object under analysis is not the main thing, but rather noticing which parts of it contain contradictions and may thus lead to changes
To begin to understand post-structuralism, one should start by attempting to understand structuralism, as post-structuralism builds upon the ideas of that, keeping some elements and rejecting others.