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Empire: The Power and Glory of Rome (c.500 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.)
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Empire: The Power and Glory of Rome
(500 B.C.E. - 500 C.E.)
Rome's Early History
EARLY ROME
- Early settlers: the Latins
- absorbed influence of other societies
- Greeks (Greek pantheon of gods; Classicism)
- Etruscans (urban planning; arch; sarcophagi)
The Roman Republic
- Formed after Latins overthrew Etruscan rule in 509 B.C.E.
- Res publica
- Popular assembly
- composed of plebeians (and overseen by two elected magistrates)
- Senate
- composed of patricians (wealthy landowners)
- controlled lawmaking
- would change by 3rd c. B.C.E.
The Roman Shift to Expansion
2nd century B.C.E.
- Forceful unification of Italy
- Punic Wars (ended 146 B.C.E.) - against Carthage
- By end of 1st century B.C.E., Rome had expanded around the Mediterranean ("mare nostrum")
The Roman Empire
1st c. B.C.E.
Collapse of the Republic
- Impact of Roman imperialism
- Highlighted socioeconomic divisions
- Senate's and army's power increased
- The role of the latifundia
- Period marked by emergence of military dictators (Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.)
- conquered Gaul
- successfully campaigned in Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor
Pax Romana
(30 B.C.E. - 180 C.E.)
- Octavian and Mark Antony
- Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.)
- Octavian becomes "Augustus"
- Initiates a period of stability and peace
- Active commercial contact (economic)
- Artistic and literary productivity (cultural)
- Public works projects (social)
- Birth of Christianity (social, religious, political)
Roman Law
- Developed out of practical necessity
- Twelve Tables of Law
- Acts of the Assembly and Senate
- public decrees of emperors
- Interpreted by praetors and jurisconsults
ART IN THE ROMAN WORLD
The Arts in the Roman World
Painting/Mosaics
Architecture
Sculpture
Roman Architecture
- Reflected the needs of a growing empire
- Engineering works (considered part of architecture)
- Aqueducts
- Arches (and rounded vaulting)
Roman Architecture (cont'd)
Roman Baths
- Elaborate structures supplied by water from hot springs
- Centered on a basilica
- basilica ideal for courts of law and marketplaces
Roman Sculpture
- Political role (propagandistic) played by sculpture
- Triumphal arches
- Victory columns
- Realism in depiction of the subjects of sculptures
Roman Painting and Mosaics
- Pompeii; Herculaneum
- Paintings often took form of frescoes in villas
- Like sculpture, Roman painting strove for empirical perspective.
The Fall of Rome
THE FALL OF ROME
- Exact cause of Rome's collapse unknown
- Political factors
- Size and extent of Roman Empire
- Unstable leadership (4th c.)
- Socioeconomic factors
- Wealth gap
- Decline in slave trade
Political Factors
- Early 4th c.: Constantine shifts capital of Roman Empire to Constantinople.
- 335-385 C.E.: 26 emperors of Rome
- 410 C.E.: Alaric (Goth) sacks Rome
- 476 C.E.: Rome sacked for last time
Socioeconomic Factors
- Divisions within society persisted throughout the imperial Roman period
- Led to fragmentation of Roman society (along political and economic lines)
- Decline in the slave trade
- Led to labor shortages throughout the empire
QIN / HAN CHINA
Qin and Han China
(221 B.C.E. - 220 C.E.)
Qin Dynasty
(221 B.C.E. - 210 B.C.E.)
- defeated rival states to unite China
- Shih Huang Di (first emperor)
- governed expansive territory through:
- salaried bureaucracy
- census
- standardization of language, coinage, weights, and measures
- thriving silk industry
- Great Wall of China
Han China
(210 B.C.E. - 220 C.E.)
- marked the high point of classical Chinese civilization
- Size of China tripled under Han rule
- Visual arts (royal tombs, ceramics)
Han China (cont'd)
Han Literature
- Importance of Confucianism
- Social structure and function
- Literature as instructional
- The Book of Changes (I jing)—a text for divination
- The Book of Songs (Shi jing)—an anthology of some three hundred poems: folk songs, ceremonial and secular poems
- The Book of Rites (Li chi)—a collection of texts centering on rules of conduct for everyday life
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