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Bio 345 Activity 2
433
Deep History
Bio 345 : Activity 2
Kimberly Turner
07/06/2019
Approx. 3.8
Billion Years Ago (GYA)
Start of Life
- Earth became a planet with an atmosphere and ocean
- The first life was probably based on RNA and not DNA
- 2 Main Groups of life: Bacteria and Archaea
2 - 3.5 Billion Years ago (GYA)
Origin of Eukaryotes
- Oldest eukaryotic fossil is 1.5 billion years old
- Eukaryotic cells gave rise to multicellular organisms
- Prokaryotes gave rise to the first eukaryotes via endosymbiosis
- Endosymbiotic Theory: a cell is engulfed by another, but not ingested resulting in mutually symbiotic relationship
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts originated
2 Billion Years Ago (GYA)
Origin of Multicellularity
- First evidence is from cyanobacteria-like organisms
- Reproduction in a true multicellular organism involves regenerating an entire organism from germ cells (sperm, egg cells)
525 Million Years Ago (MYA)
Origin of Vertebrates
- Cambrian Explosion gave rise to organism diversity
- The earliest known vertebrate is the Myllokinmingia
- Primary axis is supported by a notochord, rod-like structure
- Chordates (Cranium) house the brain and other sensory organs
- All vertebrates are Craniates
Craniate
Gee, Henry. Before the Backbone: Views on the Origin of the Vertebrates. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
Shu; et al. (4 November 1999). "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China". Nature. 402 (6757): 42–46.
Source/Work Cited
200 Million Years Ago (MYA)
- Originated in the late Triassic
- Mammals appeared on Earth long before the extinction of the dinosaur
- Mammals and dinosaurs originated within 10 million years of each other
Origin of Mammals
Origin
- Most advanced therapsids, Cynodonts, at the beginning of the originating period
- Near the end of this period mammals represented 5 major groups
- Early diversity led Evolutionists to propose a polyphyletic (organisms grouped together, but with different ancestors) origin of Jurassic groups from cynodonts
Bryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation: The Age of Mammals. 2002.
Lillegraven, Jason A, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska and William A Clemens. Mesozoic Mammals: The First Two-Thirds of Mammalian History. University of California Press Ltd., 1979.
Source/Works Cited
65.5 Million Years Ago (MYA)
Extinction of Dinosaurs
- Dinosaurs roamed the earth for 160 million years
- The event which led to the sudden demise of dinosaurs is known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T Extinction) Event
Cretacous-Tertiary Event
- Chicxulub Crater, Yucatan, Mexico: a leading contender for the site of impact causing the extinction of dinosaurs
- Considerable amounts of anhydrite (CaSO4) forms part of the rock
- SO2 would be driven away due to high temperatures from the impact
- Sulfuric acid aerosol enters the Earth's stratosphere, cooling the surface of the Earth which in turn decreases photosynthesis
- The ozone layer became depleted permiting an excess of UV radiation to the surface of the Earth
- Sulfuric acid areosol would fall back to Earth's surface as acid rain devastating the remaining life
Source/Works Cited
Cheung, Chung-Tat. Dinosaur Extinction. n.d. <https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/dinosaur-extinction/>.
200 Thousand Years Ago (KYA)
Origin of Homo Sapiens
- Fossil evidence shows old versions of Homo Sapiens evolved only in Africa
- It is understood one branch left Africa approximately 90,000 years ago
- This led to the earlier human populations; Neanderthals and Homo Erectus
July 07, 2019
Present Time
- Organisms/parasites evolve all around the World based on climate changes, conditions, medicine etc.
- Current day Los Angeles, California is experiencing daily earthquakes, the strongest occurring July 06, 2019 (7.1 magnitude) since 1999