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Manned vs.

Unmanned Space Missions

Presented by Otis, Brooke, and Chase

Should we continue to fund humans in space?

Introduction

Our mission is to research the pros and cons of manned and unmanned space exploration. We want to know if it's worth spending the extra money to send and keep humans in space. Unmanned missions are cheaper, but does that price come at the cost of knowledge?

Manned Missions

manned missions

Mercury Missions

Mercury Missions

  • First American man in space (Alan B. Shepard 1961)
  • First American to orbit Earth (John Glenn 1962)
  • Set up technology for future Gemini and Apollo missions
  • Cost $277 Million ($1.6 Billion today)
  • Several near deaths

Gemini Missions

Gemini Missions

  • First space rendezvous (Gemini 6 and 7 in 1965)
  • Longer times spent in space by people
  • First U.S. Space walk (Ed White 1965)
  • Practiced going to moon
  • Did not actually
  • Cost $1.3 Billion ($7.3 Billion today)

Apollo Missions

Apollo Mission

  • First man on moon (Neil Armstrong 1969)
  • Then several more including Buzz Aldrin and future missions
  • First multispectral terrain photography
  • Last Apollo spacecraft met with USSR spacecraft to help mend Cold War Divide
  • Costs $20.4 Billion ($109 Billion today)
  • Apollo 1 deaths in fire during training
  • Apollo 13 near deaths with spaceship malfunctions in space

Goals

  • Landing and returning Americans on the moon
  • Creating a presence in space
  • exploration of the moon

Vostok Missions

Vostok

Missions

Cost for Training and Materials $ 48,188.23

  • First man in space- Yuri Garagin <--(Vostok 1)
  • First man to spend a day in space- Gherman Titov (Vostok 2)
  • First for 4 Days in space - Andrian Nikolayev (Vostok 3)
  • First women in space -Valentina Tereshkova (Vostok 6) -->

The goal of these missions was to test the limit of humans in space.

Video

Manned Missions

Pros Cons

Pros

Cons

  • Sense of patriotism and pride for countries (US and USSR) during Cold War
  • Leads to weapon advancements (could also be con)
  • Learning Endurance of humans in space
  • Exploring and learning about the moon
  • Potentially exploring other planets
  • Potential future civilization on other planets
  • Knowing real people were there confirms results
  • Many household item advancements originally made to accommodate astronauts in space such as Memory-foam pillow and frozen foods
  • Increased focus from the media
  • Much more expensive than an unmanned mission
  • The missions can’t go as far
  • Potential deaths such as in the Apollo 1 fire
  • Leads to weapon advancements (could also be pro)

Unmanned Missions

Unmanned Missions

Hubble Space Telescope

Hubble Space Telescope

  • Hubble was launched April 24, 1990.
  • In July 2018, Hubble got sighting of the first interstellar object, 'Oumuamua.
  • Hubble has provided amazingly detailed and colorful images of distant galaxies, nebula, and supernovae that are popular among the public.
  • Hubble has been sending in 120 gigabytes of information weekly.
  • Hubble has great precision, with only a %10 error rate.
  • Hubble is one of if not the most expensive unmanned space mission to date.
  • Hubble cost NASA $1.5 billion to launch and $9.6 billion to operate for the the past 28 years.

Galileo

  • Explored Jupiter
  • Found potential underground river on moon
  • Got several pictures
  • Destroyed itself by flying inside Jupiter’s intense atmosphere
  • First to fly past asteroid
  • First to witness moon of an asteroid
  • First and only direct observation of a comet hitting a planet
  • Cost $1.6 Billion

Spitzer Space Telescope

Spitzer Space Telescope

  • Spitzer was launched August 25, 2003.
  • Spitzer is one of the leading infrared space telescopes.
  • Allows scientists to study dusty stellar nurseries, the centers of galaxies, and newly formed planetary systems that would not be visible with traditional optics.
  • Through this infrared camera astronomers have been able to witness a tidal disruption event (TED). A TED is when a super-massive black hole devours a star.
  • Spitzer ended up costing $720 million as opposed to the original thoughts of $2 billion
  • Spitzer's orbit gives it the ability to use less liquid helium coolant, it trails the earth. By trailing Earth Spitzer is able to keep cooler without using coolant, this reduced the use of coolant astronomically.

Chandra

X-Ray observatory

Chandra X-Ray Observatory

  • Chandra was launched July 23, 1999.
  • This telescope is the most powerful and precise x-ray telescope made by humans.
  • Research is at distances too far away for safe human travel.
  • X-ray images are used to research red nugget galaxies.
  • Groundbreaking black hole research.
  • To build the control center and get everything connected and prepared for the launch cost $1.8 billion.
  • To launch the ship it was about $462 million
  • To operate chandra it costs around $300 million every five years.

Unmanned Missions

Pros Cons

Pros

Cons

  • No one on board to fix malfunctions
  • Can't do experiments during travel
  • No morale boost back on earth
  • Can't study space's effects on humans
  • Missions have a chance of failing because the ship can't be repaired
  • Harder to get fundung through the media due to lack of excitement
  • Easily travel far
  • Get closer to stars then they could with people present
  • No risk of death
  • Lower cost
  • Stay in space longer
  • Smaller rockets can be launched, less space is need for people
  • Progress is still made without humans on board

Mars Missions

Mariner

  • Extrapolation of Mars
  • Today's cost 2.5 billion
  • Mariner 4
  • Relayed surface images
  • Revealed mars has similar features to the moon
  • Mariner 6 and 7
  • Disproved theories about artificial canals
  • Mariner 9
  • Found irregularities in mars's gravity field
  • Confirmed atmospheric pressure
  • And it Paved the way for the Viking Program

Video

Conclusions/Opinions

Conclusion

Otis' Opinion

Otis

I think that manned missions should continue. While the cost can be much higher than for unmanned missions they're very helpful in our learning about space and our future plans of interplanetary lives. Unmanned missions have done so many amazing things for us but they can only do so much. These unmanned missions have a chance to malfunction, more often then not this can lead to the mission failing before it was finished. Also, many complex experiments can't be done on these ships. While manned missions do have a chance of death and a higher cost, they are super beneficial to our society. These missions are able to get people to push their limits and learn new amazing things. In the shuttles people are able to study viruses and plant growth in space to learn more about them to help study back on earth. This is also the only way people can study how space affects us as humans. while, unmanned missions cost less and have a much lower chance to kill someone manned missions are still important and will only get more important as time goes on. These missions are also such a morale boost back on earth, during the Great Space Race everyone was excited to win the race and get to the moon first. All of these benefits really make up for the cons of manned missions. People can help to keep the shuttles in functioning up in space longer than an unmanned shuttle could be. Although unmanned mission are some of the most impactful missions to be accomplished, sending people into space is very important if we ever want to colonize the moon or even mars.

When compairing the pros and cons of both, it does seem that cost and the matter of ife makes unmanned missions seem like the better opition. I believe the opposite. For starters unmanned mission are more likley to fail or not go as planned, an example of this would be with one of the first rovers to land on mars, it ended up landing in a crater and being unable to move, since it could not charge its batteries. And yes manned mission are not with out there own set of problems, but they are easier to fix when it has to do with mechanical problems. Along with that there is the inherent risk of death, but thatis expected with the job. With manned space missions the results from images and data collected are seen right away and nothing at that moment in time can be question, as it is right infront of their eyes. While both are impornt in space exploration i find that manned space mission are better equipped to face the challenges that are throw at the astronauts on board, the unmaned space mission when they hace to wait for commands.

Brooke

Chase's Opinion

Sending humans into space serves a few purposes. Accomplishing different feats that relate to having humans in space bring a sense of national pride to countries. For example, the "Space Race" was one of the main parts of the cold war between the US and USSR. Having humans in space has led to advancements in technology. Their effects stretch to general household items. For example, the Memory Foam mattress and pillow material and frozen foods that last longer were both developed from space technology. One other purpose that humans in space could potentially serve is the idea of creating civilization outside of Earth. This has not happened yet, but a major step is expected to be taken 10+ years down the line when NASA plans to be able to send people to Mars. There is one aspect of space exploration that humans do not enhance. That is scientific discovery. The cost of sending humans aboard spaceships is certainly not worth it on a mission focused on scientific experiments and observations. Unless the goal of a mission is one of those listed above in the uses for humans in space, it does not make sense for NASA or other space programs to send humans in space.

Chase

Citations

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Citations

More

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