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disABILITY
What is "Disability"?
DisABILITY
Two Definitions
Americans with Disabilities Act:
"a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more life functions or activities"
the individual must have a record of the impairment and/or be regarded as having an impairment.
***Pertains to all ages and public facilities and services
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act:
"a child with [intellectual, hearing, speech, language, visual, emotional, orthopedic impairment, autism, traumatic brain injury, learning disability, deaf blindness, or multiple disabilities or health impairments] that require special education or related services."
(Winnick & Porretta, 2017)
***3-21 years old
Pertains to education only
Statistics
1 in 5 Americans have a disability (US Census Bureau)
Statistics
the majority of
adults with disabilities
do NOT engage in
regular physical activity
the majority of
adults with disabilities
do NOT engage in
regular physical activity
Models of Disability
The way you think about disability affects your treatment of this population
Models of Disability
Medical Model
Social Construction Model
Medical Model
Disability is the result of disease or injury
The problem or difficulty lies within the person
(Kasser & Lytle, 2013)
Social Construct Model
Disability is the result of the environment
The problem or difficulty lies within the building or persons encountered
(Kasser & Lytle, 2013)
Adapted
What does "adapted" mean?
1
INclusion
educating, training, or leading persons with disabilities in the same setting as others
Least Restrictive Environment: integration of persons with disabilities to the greatest degree possible
*Allows room for segregation when necessary
"Separate education is not an equal education"
(Winnick & Porretta, 2017)
Self-Actualization
"the realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities"
(Google Dictionary)
Promoting self actualization means providing opportunities and learning experiences that result in the individual realizing their ABILITIES rather than focusing on their DISABILITY
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
2
Adapted Activities Require Modification
Rules, space, environment, equipment, etc are altered to improve participation level
Adapted Sports
General Sports
3
Level of Play
Interscholastic:
Special Olympics, Unified, UIL, NCAA,
Intramural:
During or within school competitions
Extramural:
Community organizations, YMCA, Parks and Recreation, Miracle Leagues
Adapted Sport:
Paralympics, Invictus Games, World Para-athletics, Special Olympics
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Adapted Sport and Activities are NOT EFFECTIVE
without knowledgeable, skilled and positive
LEADERS.
Adapted Sport and Activities are NOT EFFECTIVE
without knowledgeab...
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
History
How did adapted sport begin?
1st of its kind
1838: "adapted" physical activity program
Perkins School for students with visual disabilities, Boston.
1st of its kind
- Instructor was also visually impaired
- Mostly recreation
- Later added gymnastics and swimming.
By Internet Archive Book Images [No restrictions], via Wikimedia Commons
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Physical Education
- Started much later ~ 1884
- General or Corrective Classes
- Determined by physician
- Many students with disabilities simply excused
Physical Education
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
1952
American Association for Health Physical Education and Recreation (Now SHAPE) defined Adapted Physical Education:
1952
"a diversified program of developmental activities, games, sports and rhythms suited to the interests capacities and limitations of students with disabilities."
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Publicly Funded Programs
1965
Project on Recreation and Fitness for the Mentally Retarded
1968
Special Olympics
*Founder: Eunice Kennedy Shriver
How to Succeed:
Respect
- Be Creative
- Be Courteous
- Use Commonsense
Person First Language
Focus on Person
Focus on ABILITY
*Fueled by Special Olympics
Person First Language
The child who has Autism
NOT
The Autistic child
Robertson & Long, 2008
Rosa's Law
Signed into Law October 2010 by President Obama
Removes the R-word [retard*] from Federal Policy
Rosa's Law
Special Olympics, 2010
Even if you are not directing the "r-word" toward a person who is intellectually disabl...
Even if you are not directing the "r-word" toward a person who is intellectually disabled, the use of the word just reinforces the stereotype. Don't do it.
Go to www.r-word.org to find out more!
Go to www.r-word.org to find out more!
Best Practices:
- Make eye contact
- Speak to the person directly
- Do not use handicap spaces if you do not have a plaquard
- Do not treat assistive devices like toys
Disability comes in all shapes and sizes
Unique Individuals
Brief Overview of Some
Intellectual Disability
Significant impairment in conceptual, social, and practical skills
Usually < 70 IQ
Established before age 18
Intellectual Disability
< 3%
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Malnutrition
Genetic Disorders
Disease
Drowning
Maternal Drug Use
Trauma during birth
Cerebral Palsy
Permanent, non-progressive condition resulting from trauma surrounding birth
Major impairment in motor coordination
- may also affect speech, sensory perception, or intellect
Cerebral Palsy
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
< 1%
Monoplegia
Hemiplegia
Paraplegia
Quadriplegia
Spinal Cord Injury
Caused by injury to the spinal cord from disease or trauma
Interrupts ability of brain to communicate with and program body below injury
Can affect both motor and sensory function depending on injury
See Figure 16.1
Spinal Cord Injury
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
By Cancer Research UK (Original email from CRUK) [CC BY-SA 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Autism
present before age 3
Affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social skills
Repetitive activities and stereotyped movements common
Cause is generally unknown although many cases are related to Fragile X syndrome
Autism
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Amputation
Loss of limb caused by disease, trauma or congenital malformation
Classified as above/below elbow or above/below knee
*Most Common = Below Knee
Some will use prosthetics
Amputation
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Health Impairments
Diabetes
Be aware of sugar needs before, during and after exercise
Cardiovascular
THR needs to be lower
Monitor closely during exercise
Asthma
Make sure inhaler is available
Check for optimal conditions
Winnick & Porretta, 2017
Visual Impairment
Impaired vision that affects life even when corrected
Partial or complete blindness
Congenital causes:
albinism
retinoblastoma
retinopathy
Age related causes:
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Cortical impairment
Hearing Impairment
Partial or total hearing loss
Conductive loss: mechanical problem with ear anatomy
Sensorineural loss: damage to the nerve or cochlea caused by over stimulation
May affect speech
Hearing Impairment
~2% of infants
Speech Impairment
Many causes of speech impairments, including some already listed.
For Drew Lynch, it was the result of a softball injury (AGT)
He uses comedy to address the stigma of disability.
Speech Impairment
Not all comments reflect the ideals of OBU**
References
Summary
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 199-, Pub L. No. 101-336, 104 Stat. 328 (1990).
- Kasser & Lytle (2013) Health, physical activity and individuals with ability differences. Inclusive Physical Activity, 2nd ed. Human Kinetics: IL.
- Robertson & Long (2008) Foundations of Therapeutic Recreation: Perceptions, Philosophies, and Practices for the 21st centruy. Human Kinetics: IL.
- Special Olympics (2010) Rosa's Law. Retreived August 14, 2015 from http://www.specialolympics.org/Regions/north-america/News-and-Stories/Stories/Rosa-s-Law.aspx
- United States Census Bureau (July 25, 2012) Nearly 1 in 5 people have a disability in the US. Retrieved from https:www. census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/miscellaneous/cb12-134.html
- Winnick & Porretta (2017) Adapted Physical Education & Sport, 6th ed. Human Kinetics: IL.