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Adlerian
Theory
Holistic approach:
Focuses on:
Adlerian theory revolves around five concepts:
1. Optimism
2. Social Interest
3. Personal responsibility
4. Inferiority & Superiority
5. Family Relationships & Birth Order
People are capable of cooperation & living in harmony
People strive for self-improvement, self-fulfillment, and contribution to society
One's mental health is measured by:
Personal Responsibility
We are responsible for the choices we make & how we perceive the world
Events we go through in life are neither positive or negative, it is our perception that defines it as positive or negative
People are goal or future - oriented
OR
Characterists include:
Feelings of superiority can be healthy & motivating
If feelings of superiority begin to consume an individual, it can lead into a superiority complex. Examples include those who are:
The family environment is critical for human development (especially the first 5 years)
Positive family environment will foster:
Negative family environment will foster:
Oldest child
Middle child
Youngest child
Only child
To develop a holistic view of the client, a variety of assessments will be employed
These assessments will help diagnose main problem(s) and evaluate a client's background, including:
The therapist will interpret the assessment results to the client that will aide in a deeper understanding of the client's life
Action-oriented with emphasis on putting goals into practice
Therapist confronts client about examining their logic
The therapist asks, "What would be different if you were well?"
Encouragement = faith in the client
The therapist instructs the client to act as if they are the person they want to be
Therapist explicitly points out client's innapropriate behaviors
Clients learn to become aware of their negative behaviors & thoughts
Just like pushing a button, clients learn to remember positive & negative experiences
Strengths & Limitations
Strengths
Limitations
Psychoanalysis
Founded by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis is the oldest psychological theory & still the most widely-recognized, despite the lack of modern-day professional training
Based on the belief that, "... a person's behavior is determined largely by underlying unconscious interactions and conflicts in emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and past experiences."
Goal is to bring the unconscious to the conscious
One can only become well through this therapy approach
Four main assumptions:
1. Problems come from the unconscious mind
2. Behavioral & psychological symptoms result from unconscious disturbances
3. Psychological problems are caused by issues during childhood, trauma, and/or poor parenting
4. Purpose of therapy is to bring the unconscious to the conscious level so that the client can work on the issue
Personality Development
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Defense Mechanisms
As part of his psychoanalytic theory, Freud developed a theory of personality development
Human personality contains 3 parts:
1. The Id
2. The Ego
3. The Superego
*A healthy personality has an effective relationship amongst all 3 parts *
Deep within our unconscious level lies the id - the most primitive part of one's personality
"The devil on your shoulder"
Guided by the pleasure principle
On the conscious level, the ego develops to guide the id
Guided by the reality principle
Ego seeks to be satisfied, but follows reality, social norms, & allows for delayed gratification, unlike the id
Develops defense mechanisms as strategies to protect the whole self
On the preconscious level lies the superego
Like ego, superego follows social norms, rules, & social morals & values to control the id
Goes beyond ego by aiming to reach not only realistic goals, but high moral standard & perfection
"The angel on the shoulder"
Guided by the morality principle
Freud believed that human development is based off of sexual development, parents are the most important part of one's development, & the most critical time of growth goes from infancy through childhood.
The id, ego, & superego must adjust to each psychosexual stage
One can remain stuck in a stage if he/she does not move successfully through development
0-18 months
Infant is orally fixated; life centered around the mouth
Signs of remaining in this stage through adulthood:
18 months - 3 y/o
Toddler becomes self-aware
Awareness of conflicts between the id & ego
Main conflict revolves around potty training
Signs of remaining in this stage in adulthood:
3 - 5 y/o
Boys & girls understand their anatomical sex differences
Children undergo Oedipal complex; conflict of gender-role identity
5 - 12 y/o
Latent = hidden
Children cease to go through psychosexual development during this stage
12 y/o - adulthood
Puberty is the precursor for this stage
Adolescents begin to experiment sexually & seek intimate relationships
Defense mechanisms = cognitive & behavioral ways people protect themselves from psychological & physical events
Repression = the unconscious exclusion of thoughts & memories
Most basic defense mechanism
Repression is involved in every defense mechanism
Highly controversial; its existence debated by researchers
Refusal to recognize & accept the problem
Exists at the preconscious & conscious levels
Returning to a less mature way of acting
Using reason to justify an opinion; to rationalize
Projecting one's negative feelings, thoughts, and motives onto others
Acting out in the opposite way of the way one feels/thinks
Redirecting feelings for a person on a different, "safer" person
Behavioral
Theory
The Humanistic Theories
Title
Experience
Cognitive Behavioral
Theory