Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

Counseling

Theories

Adlerian Theory

Adlerian

Theory

Philosophy

Holistic approach:

  • Environmental influence on a person
  • Motivation comes from social environment and need for social connections

Philosophy

Assumptions

Assumptions

Focuses on:

  • Consciousness
  • Personal choice & responsibility
  • Social environment
  • The purpose of life
  • Personal goals, perceptions of reality, values, beliefs, & attitudes

  • Behavior is intentional & goal-oriented
  • Humans are motivated to become superior
  • Heredity is not important

Major Concepts

Adlerian theory revolves around five concepts:

1. Optimism

2. Social Interest

3. Personal responsibility

4. Inferiority & Superiority

5. Family Relationships & Birth Order

Major Concepts

Optimism

Optimism

People are capable of cooperation & living in harmony

  • We must learn how to live harmoniously with others

People strive for self-improvement, self-fulfillment, and contribution to society

Social Interest

One's mental health is measured by:

  • How positive he/she interacts with others
  • How concerned he/she is for another's well-being

Social Interest

Personal Responsibility

Personal Responsibility

We are responsible for the choices we make & how we perceive the world

Events we go through in life are neither positive or negative, it is our perception that defines it as positive or negative

Inferiority & Superiority

Inferiority & Superiority

Inferiority

People are goal or future - oriented

  • Feeling inferior can drive us towards self-improvement

OR

  • Feeling inferior may cause one to lose social interest & become more self-interested, causing an inferiority complex.

Characterists include:

  • Shyness
  • Indecisiveness
  • Insecurity
  • Submissiveness
  • Cowardly behavior
  • Low self-esteem

Superiority

Feelings of superiority can be healthy & motivating

  • Serves as protection against feelings of inferiority

If feelings of superiority begin to consume an individual, it can lead into a superiority complex. Examples include those who are:

  • The schooly bully
  • An arrogant, loud-mouthed co-worker
  • Anyone who is a bigot against people of a different race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, etc.

Superiority

Family Relationships & Birth Order

Family Relationships & Birth Order

Family Relationships

The family environment is critical for human development (especially the first 5 years)

Positive family environment will foster:

  • Well-balanced, socially interested adults who have healthy goals & are future-oriented

Negative family environment will foster:

  • Adults with low social interest, complexes, and unhealthy goals

Family Relationships

Birth Order

Birth Order

Oldest child

  • Often the center of attention
  • Usually highly confident (depending on nurture received)
  • High expectations in place; highly motivated

Middle child

  • Lower expectations and nurture than oldest child
  • Often feels left out
  • Competition to live up to the oldest child's legacy
  • Learns how to negotiate & compromise
  • Often turns to friends for support because he/she lacks attention from family

Youngest child

  • "Baby of the family" & given lots of attention
  • Allowed to get away with more; raised with less caution

Only child

  • Functions similarly to the oldest
  • Center of attention
  • High expectations
  • Lots of responsibility
  • May struggle with cooperation & sharing

Techniques & Interventions

Techniques & Interventions

The Four Phases of Adlerian Therapy

The Four Phases of Adlerian Therapy

Phase 1- Establishing the Proper Theraputic Relationship

Phase 1

  • Therapist will create a supportive, collaborative, educational, & comfortable environent for the client

  • Therapist will help client become aware of his/her strengths

  • A healthy and positive theraputic relationship must be established

Phase 2- Exploring the Client's Psychological Dynamics

Phase 2

To develop a holistic view of the client, a variety of assessments will be employed

These assessments will help diagnose main problem(s) and evaluate a client's background, including:

  • A lifestyle assessment
  • A subjective interview
  • An objective interview
  • A family-relationship history
  • Early memories

Phase 3- Encouraging Self-Understanding/Insight

The therapist will interpret the assessment results to the client that will aide in a deeper understanding of the client's life

Phase 3

Phase 4- Re-orientation and Re-education

Action-oriented with emphasis on putting goals into practice

  • Techniques used to provide insight on main areas of concern
  • Client is re-oriented and learns to develop healthy goals and make changes

Phase 4

Techniques

Techniques

Confrontation

Therapist confronts client about examining their logic

  • Once client examines their logic, he/she can change it and the behavior that goes along with it

Confrontation

Asking "the question"

The therapist asks, "What would be different if you were well?"

Asking "the question"

Encouragement

Encouragement = faith in the client

  • Therapists encourage clients to feel good about themselves
  • Remind client that behavioral change is possible

Encouragement

Acting "as if"

The therapist instructs the client to act as if they are the person they want to be

Acting "as if"

Spitting in the Client's Soup

Therapist explicitly points out client's innapropriate behaviors

  • Works with client to understand why he/she displays these behaviors
  • The purpose is for the client ot become aware of the behavior & decrease it as a result

Spitting in the Client's Soup

Catching Oneself

Clients learn to become aware of their negative behaviors & thoughts

Catching Oneself

Task-Setting

  • Initially, clients learn how to set realistic, attainable, short-term goals

  • Eventually, clients learn how to set realistic, attainable, long-term goals

  • Therapy ends once client gains control over their lives & behavior

Task-Setting

Pushing Buttons

Just like pushing a button, clients learn to remember positive & negative experiences

  • Clients learn how to create the feelings they want by focusing on their thought processes

Pushing Buttons

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths

  • Holistic perspective
  • Focus on individual's perceptions of reality
  • Emphasis on health of client & prevention
  • Emphasis on equality for all people
  • Focus on role of spirituality & religion

Strengths

Limitations

Limitations

  • Emphasis on the self as focus of change could be unappealing to some
  • Drawback for those who don't wish to dwell on their childhood experiences, early memories, familial relationships, & dreams
  • Client may be dissatisfied if expecting therapist to act as the expert
  • Less clinical support & difficult to measure

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

Philosophy

Philosophy

Founded by Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis is the oldest psychological theory & still the most widely-recognized, despite the lack of modern-day professional training

Based on the belief that, "... a person's behavior is determined largely by underlying unconscious interactions and conflicts in emotions, thoughts, behaviors, and past experiences."

Goal is to bring the unconscious to the conscious

One can only become well through this therapy approach

Assumptions

Assumptions

Four main assumptions:

1. Problems come from the unconscious mind

2. Behavioral & psychological symptoms result from unconscious disturbances

3. Psychological problems are caused by issues during childhood, trauma, and/or poor parenting

4. Purpose of therapy is to bring the unconscious to the conscious level so that the client can work on the issue

Major Concepts

Personality Development

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Defense Mechanisms

Major Concepts

Personality Development

As part of his psychoanalytic theory, Freud developed a theory of personality development

Human personality contains 3 parts:

1. The Id

2. The Ego

3. The Superego

Personality Development

*A healthy personality has an effective relationship amongst all 3 parts *

The Id

Deep within our unconscious level lies the id - the most primitive part of one's personality

"The devil on your shoulder"

  • Impulsive, directed by most basic instincts & needs

Guided by the pleasure principle

  • Every impulsive desire should be immediately satisfied

Id

The Ego

On the conscious level, the ego develops to guide the id

Guided by the reality principle

  • Ego attempts to balance the id & superego through reason & compromise

Ego seeks to be satisfied, but follows reality, social norms, & allows for delayed gratification, unlike the id

Develops defense mechanisms as strategies to protect the whole self

Ego

The Superego

Superego

On the preconscious level lies the superego

Like ego, superego follows social norms, rules, & social morals & values to control the id

Goes beyond ego by aiming to reach not only realistic goals, but high moral standard & perfection

"The angel on the shoulder"

Guided by the morality principle

  • Superego is what makes us feel guilt or shame when we do something against social rules

The Psychosexual Stages of Development

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Freud believed that human development is based off of sexual development, parents are the most important part of one's development, & the most critical time of growth goes from infancy through childhood.

The id, ego, & superego must adjust to each psychosexual stage

One can remain stuck in a stage if he/she does not move successfully through development

  • Adult psychological dysfunction is a risk

Oral Stage

0-18 months

Infant is orally fixated; life centered around the mouth

  • Feeding, sucking, chewing, biting

Signs of remaining in this stage through adulthood:

  • Smoking, nail biting habits, etc.

The Anal Stage

Anal Stage

18 months - 3 y/o

Toddler becomes self-aware

  • Separation between self and caregivers

Awareness of conflicts between the id & ego

  • Ego develops during this stage

Main conflict revolves around potty training

  • Restrictions on when & where child should toilet

Signs of remaining in this stage in adulthood:

  • Conflict with authority
  • Harsh potty training as child could result in an adult who is rule, schedule, cleanliness obsessed & highly punctual
  • When you describe someone as "anal", this is where it derives from

Phallic Stage

Phallic Stage

3 - 5 y/o

Boys & girls understand their anatomical sex differences

Children undergo Oedipal complex; conflict of gender-role identity

  • Boys go through Oedipus complex- developing sexual desires for mother
  • Girls go through Electra complex- developing sexual desires for father
  • Complexes end once each gender begins to identify more with their gender- corresponding parent
  • Most professionals today have discredited the Oedipal complex

Latency Stage

5 - 12 y/o

Latent = hidden

Children cease to go through psychosexual development during this stage

  • Focus is on development of skills & abilities related to school, friends, after-school activities, etc.

Latency Stage

Genital Stage

12 y/o - adulthood

Puberty is the precursor for this stage

Adolescents begin to experiment sexually & seek intimate relationships

Genital Stage

Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms = cognitive & behavioral ways people protect themselves from psychological & physical events

  • Primitive, unconscious strategies to protect the self
  • Short-term "solutions" to painful thoughts

Defense Mechanisms

Repression

Repression = the unconscious exclusion of thoughts & memories

  • Ex. A woman repressing her sexual assault

Most basic defense mechanism

Repression is involved in every defense mechanism

Highly controversial; its existence debated by researchers

Denial

Refusal to recognize & accept the problem

  • Ex. a man is diagnosed with early-onset dementia, but refuses to proceed with treatment and tells his family & friends that he is fine

Exists at the preconscious & conscious levels

Denial

Regression

Returning to a less mature way of acting

  • Ex. A 12 year old boy could start wetting the bed after suffering from abuse

Regression

Rationalization

Using reason to justify an opinion; to rationalize

  • Ex. An employee at an advertising agency may not receive a promotion they were convinced that they were going to get. The employee could rationalize the situation by telling friends that he didn't want to move to across the country anyway.

Rationalization

Projection

Projecting one's negative feelings, thoughts, and motives onto others

  • Ex. A stressed high school student in the midst of applying to colleges and studying for the SAT's may project his intense feelings of stress and anxiety onto his mother by snapping or talking back to her

Projection

Reaction Formation

Acting out in the opposite way of the way one feels/thinks

  • Ex. A teacher could be overly polite and pleasant to her principal even though she and her coworkers have no respect for her

Reaction Formation

Displacement

Redirecting feelings for a person on a different, "safer" person

  • Ex. An assistant teacher has to work side by side with the head teacher of the classroom whom she is mistreated by and therefore loathes. Every night, she comes home and displaces her negative feelings for her co-worker onto her husband.

Displacement

Techniques & Interventions

Strenghts & Limitations

Behavioral Theory

Behavioral

Theory

Our Solution

The Humanistic Theories

Product

Team

Team

Jennifer Deborah

Tom Benedict

Jack William

Title

Experience

Cognitive

Theory

Cognitive Behavioral

Theory

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi