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ash and cinder cone
ash and cinder cone
structure
The structure of a cinder cone volcano
Tephra is a material made out of rock and ash
The Magma chamber is a pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the earth
The magma conduit is a pipe that carries the magma from the magma chamber, up through the crust until it reaches the surface
why and where they form
How cinder cones form:
Cinder cones form out of the tephra (rock fragments and particles), magma (lava) and ash that it ejects. Ash and Cinder cones spew out gaseous lava which is blown violently into the air out of the volcanos central vent. It breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
- Eventually, they cool down and become part of its steep cone-like feature.
- The typical sequence of events for cinder cone formation are:
- Explosive eruption from gas rapidly expanding and escaping from molten lava.
- Next, the cone forms due to the cinders falling back in the cone.
- Then, a final explosive eruption leaves a funnel-shaped crater at the top of the cone.
- Finally, molten rock pours out of the surface and lava flows downslope.
Where cinder cones form:
We often find cinder cones surrounding or on the sides of larger volcanoes. These types of cinder cone volcanoes are nicknamed ‘parasitic’. Mauna Kea in Hawaii has 100+ cinder cones around its flanks.
effusive
or
explosive?
Do they have effusive or explosive eruptions?
Cinder cone volcanoes are explosive. This means that if the magma has a lot of gas which becomes trapped in the magma, the pressure will build and build until eventually the magma erupts explosively out of the volcano. It will mostly send ash high up into the atmosphere however it also sends gas and magma. Lava rarely flows from the top of a cinder. Lava rushes out from the side vents.
hazards
Hazards
The primary danger from cinder cone volcanoes is lava flows. Once the bulk of the gasses have been released, the eruptions begin to produce large flows of runny lava.Other hazards are:
- Gas produces acid rain
- Ash fall
- lahars (destructive mudflow on the slopes of a volcano)
- pyroclastic flows (dense, destructive mass of very hot ash, lava fragments, and gases ejected explosively from a volcano and typically flowing at great speed)
HOW DANGEROUS ARE CINDER CONES?
They can be quite dangerous depending on the amount of pressure built up.
Parícutin volcano in Mexico
e.g
In 1943 a cinder cone started growing on a farm near the village of Parícutin in Mexico. Explosive eruptions caused by gas rapidly expanding and escaping from molten lava formed cinders that fell back around the vent, building up the cone to a height of 1,200 feet. The last explosive eruption left a funnel-shaped crater at the top of the cone. As the gas pressure subsided, the nature of the eruptions transitioned to lava flows. The eruption that created Paricutin began in 1943 and continued to 1952.Over the nine years of eruptions, lava flows covered 10 square miles WITH A VOLUME OF ABOUT 0.3 CUBIC MILES and ash fall covered 115 square miles, destroying the town of San Juan and killing a large number of livestock. No one was killed by lava or ash. However, three people were killed by lightning associated with the eruption.
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why do people want to live near volcanoes
Why do people want to live near volcanoes?
People live close to volcanoes because Geothermal energy can be harnessed by using the steam from underground which has been heated by the Earth's magma. This steam is used to drive turbines in geothermal power stations to produce electricity for domestic and industrial use such as heating systems, Countries such as Iceland and New Zealand use this method of generating electricity.
The main things that attract people to live near active volcanoes are minerals, geothermal energy, fertile soils and tourism. Hot gasses escaping through vents also bring minerals to the surface, mainly Sulphur, which collects around the vents as it condenses and solidifies. These minerals can be used to make rubber, chemicals, plastics, drugs and fertilizers.