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A set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, especially those of radio or television.
An antenna or aerial is the interface between radio waves propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver.
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An electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form. It is used with an antenna.
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One common “auxiliary” instrument, the purpose of which is to provide a human readable indication of an instrument signal.
An indicator gives a human operator or Artificial Intelligent (AI) a convenient way of seeing what the output of the transmitter.
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The radar transmits a focused pulse of microwave energy at an object, most likely a cloud. Part of this beam of energy bounces back and is measured by the radar, providing information about the object.
(a) Transmitter: The source of the radio pulse.
(b) Antenna: Needed to send the pulse out into the ether and receive it when it is reflected back.
(c) Switch: This tells the antenna when to transmit or receive the pulses.
(d) Receiver: Required to detect and turn the pulses, which come back into a visual format to be read by an operator.
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weather clutter
fixed clutter
targets
Plan Position Indicator (PPI) of ATC Radar
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Definition: Radar Clutter is defined as the unwanted back-scattered signals or echoes generated from physical objects in the natural environment.
This makes detection of targets more difficult.
Simply put: radar noise.
Surface Clutter - Returns from geographical land masses. Generally stationary
Volume Clutter - Weather (rain, snow, clouds), Chaff
Point Clutter - Birds, and individual tall buildings. On radar, very similar to aircraft
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weather clutter
fixed clutter
targets
Main lobe is the lobe of the radiation pattern of a directional antenna which contains the direction of maximum radiation. This is the lobe that exhibits the greatest field strength.
Side lobes represent unwanted radiation in undesired directions
directional antenna radiation pattern
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An antenna is a metallic structure that captures and/or transmits radio electromagnetic waves.
A directional antenna is an antenna that radiates or receives greater power in specific directions.
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Parasitic returns that enter the radar through the antenna’s main lobe are called main lobe clutters; otherwise they are called side lobe clutters
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Surface Clutter:
Reducing the ground area illuminated by the antenna
Volume Clutter:
Reducing the pulse duration
Definition: The variation of wavelength and frequency of a periodic waveform
This is how a message signal is transmitted (digital bit stream or an analogue audio signal)
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Radars are designed around its intended use and purpose.
As such, they are classified differently based on their capabilities and functions.
2-dimensional: range, azimuth
3-dimensional: range, azimuth, elevation
4-dimensional: range, azimuth, elevation, velocity
ARSR: Air Route Surveillance Radar
ASR: Airport Surveillance Radar
Airborne Radars: G550 Airborne Early Warning
Physical Size. The dimensions of the hardware used to generate and transmit radio frequency power are, in general, proportional to wavelength
Transmitted Power. Higher wavelengths transmit more power. This affects hardware requirements for Radar equipment
Beamwidth. At low frequencies, large antennas must generally be used to achieve acceptably narrow beams. At higher frequencies, small antennas will suffice.
Atmospheric Attenuation. At high frequencies (>10GHz), radio waves are absorped and scattered by atmospheric oxygen and water vapour
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Understand what is :
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Two types:
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Amplitude-Comparison Monopulse :
Phase-Comparison Monopulse :
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Takes into consideration of time factor
Working Principle
1. Transmitter antenna emits frequency modulated continuous radio waves
2. Reflected signal from the target is received by the receiving antenna
3. Output of the receiving antenna is given to the mixer stage of the receiver via a pre-amplifier
4. Beat frequency has to be amplified and limited for eliminating any amplitude fluctuations
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Application
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