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DNA
DNA?
structure
DNA
Nucleotides
DNA
STRUCTURE
RNA
Rosalind
Franklin
¿What is DNA?
WHAT IS
what is made of?
deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA
Is a long molecule that contains the genetic code and hereditary information of an organism.
contains
nucleotide
basic
BASES
the combinations and the sequence of them determinades the genetic information
other characteristics
- DNA is a two-stranded molecule.
- DNA has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, like a twisted ladder.
DNA
DNA STRUCTURE
The DNA structure resembles a spiral staircase, where the railings would be formed by covalent bonds between the deoxyribose sugars. The nucleotide phosphates and steps would be formed from hydrogen bonds that bind to the bases of the nucleotides.
bases
NUCLEOTIDE BASES
Fundamental unit that makes up nucleic acids.
Nucleotide
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
rule
car in the garage
Grammatical rule
Grammatical
Bases can be written in any order as long as adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G).
TIPS
apple in the tree
PURINES
DNA STRUCTURE:
- a base containing nitrogen
- a phosphate group
- a pentose or five carbon sugar.
NITROGEN BASE
PYRIMIDINES
PHOSPHATE GROUP
SUGAR
PURINES
Nucleotides adenine (A) and guanine (G) have 2 carbon rings and are called purines
PYRIMIDINES
The thymine (T) and cytosine (C) nucleotides have only one carbon ring and are known as pyrimidines
Her experiment...
X-ray diffraction
She first worked with a technique called X-ray diffraction, which allows to determine the structure of crystals: solid materials whose atoms are arranged in a perfectly defined way. She discovered that, if she concentrated enough a condensed solution of DNA it would separate into fibers and these would look like crystals which would discover its structure.
Then, she fired an X-ray beam at a single DNA crystal: X-rays diffracted at specific angles, based on the electron density of each atom that constitutes the DNA chain. Diffractions form spots when they affect a photographic plate and because each crystal has a characteristic pattern, the three-dimensional structure of the molecule can be deduced with the detailed mathematical analysis of the spots.
In 1952 she obtained evidence to prove that DNA was made up of a DOUBLE HELIX and determined mathematically the exact positions of atoms in DNA chain.
The process by which the arrangement of the DNA atoms was obtained:
RNA STRUCTURE
Structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA, with three exceptions:
1) SUGAR: In RNA it's ribose.
2) IT'S BASES: In RNA, thymine doesn't exist; instead, there is another base called uracil.
3) THREADS: The RNA molecule extends into a single strand.
STRUCTURE
MESSENGER RNA
MESSENGER
RNA
Its job is to take information from DNA that is in the nucleus to ribosomes located in cytoplasm, whose function will be to translate this information.
RIBOSOMAL RNA
RIBOSOMAL
RNA
Molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA into protein.
TRANSFER RNA
TRANSFER
RNA
Is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein. tRNAs function at specific sites in the ribosome during translation, which is a process that synthesizes a protein from an mRNA molecule.
FUNDAMENTALS OF GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr. Omar Garza Marroquín
Learning Evidence Stage 3
COVER
Valeria Aguirre Villalón | #1 | 1945033
Natalia Garza Guzmán | #11 | 1947440
Danna Marlen Leal Tamez | #19 | 1950246
Marcela Martínez Ulíbarri | #27 | 1952826
Karen Giselle Silva Cobos | #34 | 1979748
Ivana Leal Tamez | #18 | 1973919
GROUP: 402