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Chemical equilibrium
Haber-Bosch Process
The Le Châtelier's principle
Effect of pressure and temperature
Effect of catalyst
Uses of Ammonia
Chemical equilibrium is a reaction that means the rate of the forward reaction (Products) equals the rate of the reverse reaction (reactants.)
If you were running on a treadmill your body is in constant motion, but you are not moving forward or backwards. When you move forward the treadmill is moving you backwards. Which means you are in equilibrium with the treadmill.
- The Haber-Bosch process is a method of synthesizing ammonia from Nitrogen and Hydrogen.
- The Haber-Bosch process was made by Fritz Haber, a German physical chemist.
- Then the method was developed by Carl Bosch to be used into large-scale process with the use of catalyst and high pressure.
-A catalyst which is mostly made from irons enables the reaction from being carried at low temperature.
- Haber- Bosch was the first industrial chemical process which used high pressure for chemical reactions, it combines nitrogen from the air with hydrogen under high pressure and moderate high temperature.
- To yield a great proportion of ammonia in a mixture, the temperature has to be low and the pressure has to be high.
-The reaction is carried at pressures from 200-400 atmospheres and temperature from 400-650 C.
The process
Le Chatelier's principle shows that when any system faces a disturbance like changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure, it will act with it in order to restore a new equilibrium state.
Example:
- If more reactants were added to any system, Le Chatelier's principle expects that the reaction will produce more products to balance the change and build up equilibrium.
Effects
A change in temperature happens either when the temperature increases or decrease by the flow of heat. This cause a chemical shift to the reactants it can either be endothermic or exothermic.
Endothermic reaction is when heat is absorbed with the reactants. example; to over come the forces of attraction between two molecules and separate them from each other it needs more energy.
Increase in temperature will shift the equilibrium to the left and if it decreases it will shifts the equilibrium to the right.
Exothermic reaction is the opposite of endothermic it is when heat is released with the products.
Increase in temperature will shift equilibrium to the right and if it decreases it will shifts the equilibrium to the left.
The effect of pressure on an equilibrium system is related to the change in volume. Therefore, the effects of changes in pressure are opposite effects in volume.
The system at equilibrium can shift in one of two ways:
Toward the reactants: an increase in pressure will cause equilibrium to to shift toward the side with a smaller number of molecules
Toward the products: a decrease in pressure cause the equilibrium to shift toward the side with a larger number of molecules
Catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but do not have an affect on the equilibrium position.
Adding a catalyst has no effect on the final equilibrium position of the reaction. It simply gets it there faster.
Ammonia is a very important component used in manufacturing many products that are we use in our daily life. The human body produces ammonia when the body breaks down food that contains protein and turns into amino acids and ammonia, then converting the ammonia into urea.
-Ammonia used in fertilizer
90 percent of ammonia produced is used in fertilizers it is used to help sustain food for people. In order to have healthy crops it needs nutrients that are found in soil so farmers depend on fertilizers to have productive soil for their crops. Fertilizer help to increase the essential nutrients like zinc,selenium and boron in food corps.
-Ammonia in household cleaning products
Ammonia is used in many household cleaning products sometimes it could be used on its own or as an ingredient in a product, it can be used to clean surfaces, tubes, sinks, and toilets. Ammonia is a very effective product when it comes to removing grime and stains like cooking grease and it is mostly used in glass cleaning.
-Ammonia in manufacturing and industrial uses
Ammonia is used in air conditioning equipment and as a refrigerant gas, ammonia can also absorb heat for its surroundings.Ammonia can be used in building block in the manufacture of many products including plastics, fabrics, and dyes.Ammonia also is used in the waste and waste water treatment, cold storage, rubber, pulp and paper and food and beverage industries as a stabilizer, neutralizer and a source of nitrogen. It also is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.