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INTRODUCTION - Major Transformations in Computing
13
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 Major Transformations in Computing
H
P
V of D
por: John Jairo Caicedo Bolaños
jc@johncaicedo.com.co
Objectives
This lesson covers the following objectives:
List the major transformations in computing that have occurred since the 1970’s.
List the major transformations in computing that have occurred since t...
Define and give an example of these terms: hardware,
operating system, software.
Define and give an example of these terms: hardware,
operating syst...
Identify examples of businesses that use database software and explain how it is essential to their success.
Identify examples of businesses that use database software and explain how it ...
Purpose
1
History provides perspective for where we are today in information technology.
2
If we know where we have come from, it is easier to understand where we are today, and where we are likely to go in the future.
3
Your first job upon graduation may not exist 20 years later!
Key Terms
Hardware
The physical “bits and pieces” of a computer: keyboard, screen, mouse, disk drive, memory, etc.
Hardware
Software
Programs (sets of instructions) which tell the hardware what to do.
Software
Operating system
A software program which directly controls and manages the hardware: Microsoft Windows, Linux, etc.
Operating system
Application
A software program which carries out specific tasks on behalf of computer users.
Application
Client
A workstation or desktop computer including a screen, keyboard, and mouse. Clients interact directly with human computer users.
Client
Server
A more powerful computer that accepts work requests from clients, executes each request, and sends the results back to the client.
Server
Request
Request
Every time you request information from a Web page, your client computer sends the request to a database on the server.
Response
Response
The server retrieves the data from the database, converts it into useful information, and sends the information back to the client.
History of
Computer
Systems
1970s
The database software resided in the mainframe computer.
- Smaller computers, or “dumb terminals,” we...
MAINFRAME
Dumb Terminals
DATABASE
- Almost all of the computer processing was done on these large mainframe computers.
- They were not capable of much processing on their own.
- Smaller computers, or “dumb terminals,” were used to access the large mainframe and execute commands.
- The terminals depended on the mainframe and displayed the results only after the processing was completed in the mainframe.
- Some of these computers were larger than your classroom!
1980s
As personal computers (PCs) became faster and widely available, processing moved from the mainframes to the desktop.
Many of the common applications today (Word, Exc...
Server Computer: Software
Smart Clients: GUI Interface and Software
Having the processing power within the client machine ushered in a wave of graphical user interface (GUI) applications.
Many of the common applications today (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) were born during this era.
Because the PCs had their own software and were capable of doing some processing on their own, they came to be known as “smart clients” or “workstations.”
The Problem of Isolated, Nonintegrated Systems
The Problem of Isolated, Nonintegrated Systems
Problems: Different Software
- Having multiple applications on multiple client workstations created new problems.
DATABASE
- In this example, different software on different systems requires integration.
- This is usually troublesome and expensive.
- If an upgrade is made to a software application, each and every server plus each and every client must be upgraded.
Districts
Statewide
Systems
National
Financial
1990s and Beyond
The mission is to use the Internet and fast processing servers to meet the needs of organizations in storing data and producing information.
- The software that manages the data is on the databa...
DATABASE
Database Server Software
Application Server Software
Thin Clients, GUI, Browser
- Applications for business operations sit on the application server.
- The software that manages the data is on the database server.
- Clients provide access to and visual display of the information on the servers.
- Clients can have applications of their own, but the essential business applications are accessed from the clients using an Internet browser.
- It interacts with, processes, develops, or manipulates the data for document creation.
- It performs processing for storage and retrieval.
Grid Computing
NEWS
SPORTS
ENTERTAINMENT
Grid Computing
HOROSCOPES
DATABASE
PICTURES
MOVIES
CHAT ROOMS
GAMES
In the grid-computing model, all of an organization...
In the grid-computing model, all of an organization’s computers in different locations can be utilized just like a pool of computing resources.
Grid computing builds a software infrastructure that can run on a large number of network...
Grid computing builds a software infrastructure that can run on a large number of networked servers.
A user makes a request for information or computation from his workstation and th...
A user makes a request for information or computation from his workstation and that request is processed somewhere in the grid, in the most efficient way possible.
- You just ask for electricity and you get it.
- Grid computing treats computing as a utility, like the electric company.
- You don’t know where the generator is or how the electric grid is wired.
- You just ask for electricity and you get it.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing allows businesses to access software and hardware from a cloud provider.
Cloud computing allows businesses to access software and hardware from a cloud provider.
These services are located remotely and delivered to users using web technologies.
Databases support the operation of businesses across all sectors of industry, including:
Databases support the operation of businesses across all sectors of industry, including:
Retailing:
Stock control.
Finance and Banking: Maintaining customer records and transaction details.
Airline:
Travel reservations.
Telecommunications:
Call logs.