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PERIOD 4
(1800-1848)
PERIOD 5
(1844-1877)
PERIOD 6
(1865-1898)
PERIOD 7
(1890-1945)
PERIOD 3
(1754-1800)
PERIOD 2
(1607-1754)
PERIOD 1
(1492-1607)
natives have distinct culture
- great plains: nomadic lifestyle
- northwest : fishing
europeans very curious abt new world ant want to spread christianity
surplus of wealthy kinda started capitalism and banking
lands in bahamas first, then cuba then hispaniola (haiti /DR)
spanish first to take columbus up on offer to sail 3,000 mi, gives 87 men and 3 ships
wasnt first to reach americas, first to make a global impact
carribean natives: Tainos
- hurracan-> hurracane, barbacoa->bbq
letter to Ferd. and Isa saying natives not a threat, and that it was a success, leaves men behind to continue
treaty of tordesillas: divides world through vertical line, east = portugals, west = spanish (explains why brazil speaks portuguese!)
buttt they all basically died from european diseases (plus he tries to enslave them
second exibition with 1200 men and livestock
- environmental effect
- carribean sells sooo much sugar bc of land so would literally rather import food
- european popualtion increase bc food from new world calorically dense (and africa)
- this actually meant more slaves...
- 90% natives died of disease
- overpopulation means europeans send ppl to colonies
MANS MADE A BIG IMPACT ON THE WORLD AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS
MERCANTILISM:
Racial Caste System:
ranked ppl by how much spanish blood you had
Casta paintings
3 Gs for conquistadors:
- gold
- glory
god
Francisco Pizarro:
Inca Empire
GOAL: mix and sorta enslave but defintely catholicize them, (not like the europeans that simply wanted to eradicate
rounded up 20,000 natives to help take down, they were not liked
- one of the largest cities ever
- aztecs fell in two years, spanish started building
Moctezuma
Encomienda System: labor
(like feudalism + slavery)
Natives get "protection" and christianty
Synchotism:
blending of religion/culture
Effects of transatlantic voyages:
- deomgraphic
- new cultural groups as ppl mixed
- economic
- banking slave trade
- political
-european rivalries
power shifts
- cultural
-goods
-religious practices
Causation and Correlation not same
Goals for colonization effected type of settlements
Gold, Silver and Fur
Rivalries due to religious or political feuds: Catholicism and Protestantism
1680- New Mexico pueblo people revolt: impact on southwest culture
Popé says "when Jesus came, the Corn Mothers went away.” This was a succinct way of describing the displacement of native traditions by the culture and religion of the Spanish."
Popé's Rebellion was successful in getting Spain out, but 12 years later they came back after a drought
AGAIN - Syncretism!
Spanish loses stronghold on North America as French, Dutch and British start
New Amsterdam/New France wanted trade so small settlement but on rivers
Fur trade: meant friendly meetings
Allied
bc there was less settlers, things were more done on Native terms and the groups were peaceful and friendly
protestant reform movement
justification by faith alone, grace of God, predestination
sends giant navy called Spanish Armada to England and Holland
The defeat of the Spanish Armada was only one part of a larger but undeclared war between Protestantism and Catholicism.
off coast of North Carolina, John White leaves to get supplies and people to return to find everyone vanished.
left words "croatoan" on fence etched out.
England lowkey late to the game, had economis issues, religious conflict and ireland to deal with
King James I
Geography:
-soil bad
-buggy (carry diseases! death toll lmao)
Unprepared! white "gentlemen" killed in winter
John Smith says "those who do not work shall not eat"
Powhatans:
-Natives of town
-white men raid their food supply bc so unprepared... John Smith kidnapped
LATER: Lord De La Warr says haha cute yall r friendly but not anymore we needa get rid of them so we can grow tobacco
(ANGLO-POWHATAN WARS)
John Rolfe idealizes Tobacco (marries Pocahontas)
Head right system: 50 acres for every 1 person u bring
Planters now wealthy and indentured servants die
Motivations:
- competition w Spain and France
- Joint Stock Company (like stock market) less risky for exploration to new world
-east India Company
-virginia company (founded Jamestown)
-supposed surplus population
slavery begins 1619 because Tobacco is labor intensive (also land intensive so forced to keep moving and also conlfict w natives)
HOWEVER: not economic so they start with indentured servants
Bacon's Rebellion: biracial raid force
against government for not being harsh enough on natives EFFECT: FORCES ADAPTING TO SLAVERY!
House of Burgesses= first government
- little conflict as possible
Plymouth, Protestant, Puritan, Pilgrims
committed to "purifying" the Church of England by eliminating all aspects of Catholicism from religious practices.
Mayflower compact:
- pilgrims insisted on a complete separation from the Church of England and had first migrated to the Dutch Republic seeking religious freedom.
- Presented a RELIGIOUS (not economic) rationale for colonization
- converting natives to christianity
- John elliot "praying towns"
Protestants emphasized literacy so everyone could read Bible (Catholics no le gustan) and therefore led to printing press
Salem witch trials: Relying on their belief in witchcraft to help make sense of their changing world, Puritan authorities executed 19 people and caused the deaths of several others.
King Philip’s War—from 1675 to 1676—a massive regional conflict that was nearly successful in Natives pushing the English out of New England.
literacy
family unit (small farmers)
rockier land
egalitarian
not rly religiously tolerant
Quakers in Pennsylvania:
- religious society of friends and pacifists
- tolerant of all religions (super progressive)
-goal of William Penn (founder) was to draw a bunch of skilled people and make a diverse region (he did)
- biggest population until revolution
middle was basically superior in everything
Sugar in west indies "sugar islands" like barbados and jamaica
-obviously labor intensive
rice in carolinas
social and economic structure based on cash crops, rice was an investment but profitable AF so owners (who lived in england bc ew diseases) were so rich they would rather replace slaves than make their work less deadly
Slaves outnumbered white people, meant they were ever stricter (ex Barbados Slave Act)
Maryland and Georgia were proprietary and tolerant of anyone who believed in Jesus
90% of all enslaved people sent to carribean
Mercantilism
Triangular Trade
Middle Passage
- slave ships from west africa to WI
Navigation Acts: Aimed to control the terms of trade between Britain and its colonies
Over coarse of time slavery became stricter and more defined by race
Stono Rebellion: killed both slavers and whites and made slave clodes stricter (ex Negro Act of 1740)
King James II overthrown and Protestant monarchs William and Mary were super chill
The events of 1741 (New York Conspiracy Trials) illustrate the racial divide in British America, where panic among white colonists spurred great violence against and repression of the feared enslaved population.
Salutary Neglect: British officials overlooked colonists’ violations of the Navigation Acts... when King George III tries to retake control, colonists basically start american rev
The Great Awakening saw the rise of several Protestant denominations, including Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists—who emphasized adult baptism of converted Christians rather than infant baptism
Great Awakening:
- Outburst of Protestant Revivalism in the eighteenth century.
-The First GA aused a split between those who followed the evangelical message—the New Lights—and those who rejected it—the Old Lights. The elite ministers in British America were firmly Old Lights, and they censured the new revivalism as chaos.
Consumer revolution: The buying habits of both commoners and the colonial gentry fueled the consumer revolution, creating even stronger ties with Great Britain by means of a shared community of taste and ideas.
mixed feelings about role in english society meant took colonists a while to go for independence
Colonial gentry:
wealthy class
intellectual movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason and science.
John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas.
Rationalism - reason to gain knowlege
Empiricism- knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world.
Progressivism- through their powers of reason and observation, humans can make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the 17th century.
Cosmopolitanism -reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close-minded individuals. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice.
Ben Franklin is symbol; printer,publisher and scientist deism
Albany Plan of Union (1754): A plan created by Benjamin Franklin to organize an intercolonial government, including a system to collect taxes and recruit troops.
Proclamation of 1763: A law passed by the British parliament that prohibited colonial movements west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Second Continental Congress (1775): appointed George Washington commander of Continental Army
Olive branch Petition(1775): final attempt at peace
Articles of Confederation (1777) unicameral legislature that served as the fledgling nation’s governing authority until 1788.
first constitution; lasting from 1776 until 1789. The Articles established a weak central government and placed most powers in the hands of the states.
Conflict between the French and the English over territory
Solidified Britain’s stance as the most dominant European country in the world. However, as Britain attempted to increase control on the American colonies, colonists began rebelling, eventually leading to the Revolutionary War.
Treaty of Paris(1763): ended war, French give most territory to British
Pontiac's Rebellion: A force of 300 members of different Native American tribes led by Chief Pontiac attempted to stop British encroachment on their territory in an armed rebellion
Algonquins sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with the British and the colonists.
In 1772, Boston revolutionary Samuel Adams urged the creation of a committee of correspondence
Stamp Act: So much unrest led Britain to repeal
-Sons of Liberty
Declaratory Act: right of control
Boston revolutionary Samuel Adams responded by urging Massachusetts to employ a committee of correspondence to contact townspeople and stay apprised of events occurring at town meetings throughout the area. The purpose of such a committee was to rally opposition to British policies,
Virtual Reprentation: "members of parliament had colonists best interests at heart!"
Merchants in Boston signed a nonimportation agreement, which suspended all imports of British goods
Boston Massacre: intensified anti-British sentiment and proved a pivotal event leading up to the American Revolution. (crispus Attucks first casualty)
Shut down boston's port and sent General Thomas Gage and troops to occupy Boston
The Boston Port Bill fined Boston for the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party and closed the harbor until the fines were paid.
The Government Bill rewrote the Massachusetts colony’s charter granting broadly expanded powers to the royal governor.
The Administration of Justice Act authorized the governor to send indicted government officials to other colonies or to London for trial.
The Quartering Act, which applied to all of the North American colonies, was designed to provide shelter for the British troops, allowing them to be housed in private buildings.
First Continental Congress (1774): boycott of british goods
-issued Declaration of Colonial Rights and Grievances. The declaration denied Parliament’s right to tax the colonies and lambasted the British for stationing troops in Boston.
Lexington and Concord(1775): first battle and official start of war
Treaty of Paris (1783): official end
Women support: making cloth, fundraising drives, nursing etc.
Daughters of Liberty: to demonstrate loyalty by boycotting (ex Martha Washington)
France big help after declared independence
Battle of Yorktown(1781):Revolutionary War battle that ended in decisive victory for American colonial forces. The surrender of British General Cornwallis led the British government to negotiate peace.
c
Shays’s Rebellion exposed the weakness of the government under the Articles of Confederation and led many—including George Washington—to call for strengthening the federal government in order to put down future uprisings. ULTIMATELY RESULTED IN CONSTITUTION
not a set of laws, but a broad principles
separation of powers:
1. congress: law, tax, etc.
2. president : enforce laws wage war
3. supreme court: interpret law
idea is to make brances kinda fight with each other, see checks and balance
The Federalist Papers was a collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in 1788.
The essays urged the ratification of the Constitution.
Continutiy and Change:
John adams: conflict between federalists (strong central gov and loose interpretationb) and dem-repubs
Whiskey rebellion: affirmed the fact that the federal government could handle political unrest and was much stronger than it had been under the Articles of Confederation.
XYZ Affair: (jay's Treaty) removed British forts from the Northwest Territory of the United States.
Pro britishness annoys france bc they just suported the AMREV and attack ships, diplomats later make treaty with france
George Washington: set precedent for strong exec branch and central gov
Farewell Address: advised the country to avoid political factions, based on party or geography, and avoid long-term alliances with other countries.
Alien and Sediction Acts; to punish anti federalist
american identity: want to make a culture separate from britian
Adams'midnight appointments: tries to stack courts w federalists
The Supreme Court case that followed, Marbury v. Madison, established the principle of judicial review: that the Supreme Court has the power to strike down laws if it judges that those laws violate the Constitution.
Isolationism: staying neutral in wars
Debt:
Alex ham proposes national bank, Jefferson disagrees bc its not a part of the "necessary and proper clause"
3/5th compromise
Under the Articles of Confederation, the federal government lacked the power of taxation, had no authority to regulate commerce, and was impotent to resolve conflicts arising between states.
Connecticut Compromise
Bill of Rights added to ensure respecting natural rights of citizens
resulted in the sanctions of the federalists versus dem-repubs
Clauses:
James Madison Virginia Plan:bicameral legislature in which representation would be based on population
New jersey Plan: legislature would be unicameral and each state would have a single vote.
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, leading Democratic-Republicans, each wrote a resolution that were later adopted by Kentucky and Virginia. - pushed for a strict interpretation of the Constitution when it came to powers granted to the federal government.
Debate about the balance between federal and state power would continue until the Civil War, remerging in issues like the Nullification crisis.
Adams and Federalists, including George Washington, = strong central government and a thriving manufacturing sector centered in the cities
Jefferson and Democratic-Republicans = an agrarian ideal, rooted in the republican virtues of the independent small farmer.
John Quincy Adams:
-"corrupt bargain"
-mordernize the US economy known as "American System"
-Tarriff of 1816 and 2nd Bank of US
-unpopular man bc Tariff of Abominations and linient with natives
Andrew jackson= indian removal act and trail of tears
The election of 1800 was fiercely contested and facilitated the rise of the two-party system and bitter partisanship. (tom v john)
-ushered in the demise of the Federalist party and a political realignment that effectively ended the first party system
Second War of Independence/The War of 1812
which lasted from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815, abt issues after the Revolutionary War, like impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions on American shipping.
- Treaty of Ghent formally ended it
-"War Hawks" rly wanted to war
-star spangled banner written
-Hartford Convention
-"era of good feelings"
sectional divisions
Issues he dealt with: piracy along the Barbary Coast of North Africa, and British impressment, which resulted in Jefferson instating a mass embargo of European goods, the Embargo Act of 1807.
-stopped american ships from leaving ports so they wouldn't get taken over by british army/navy during the Napoleonic Wars (hurt economy)
-Non-Intercourse Act of 1808, lifting the unpopular embargoes on trade with all countries except Britain and France.
First Barbary War (pirates)
Lousiana Purchase (doubles US territory)
lewish and clark
- dont u dare think u can colonize us
(no one cared ) bc couldnt enforce
justification for manifest destiny
Industiral Revolution: kinds of machinery used to make finished goods
-textile mills and cotton gins (sam slater/slater the traitor)
-women working yay (factory)
-Rhode Island System (family units )
-lowell girls fight back about wage cuts
-slavery got way worse thansk eli whitney
Railroads, steamships, erie canal, telegraph,
business booms!
-encourages second great awakening (world is changing around them, god grounds them)
Irish and German Immigration:
- potato famine
-religious prejudice
-successful!
-william boss tweed
Second Great Awakening
Trancendentalism:
reaction to intellectualism. Its adherents yearned for intense spiritual experiences and sought to transcend the purely material world of reason and rationality.
-Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
Temperance: drink less..
caused by second GA, industrial rev and nativism
election of Andrew Jackson in 1828 became symbolic of the new “politics of the common man.”
DEMOCRATIC PARTY; brought together smaller southern planters, urban workers, artisans, immigrants, and Catholics
Whigs. Unlike Democrats, Whigs favored an active national government and promoted the “American System” to benefit American commerce: a national bank, a protective tariff, and internal improvements like canals and railroads. The party brought together merchants, bankers, prosperous farmers (including the wealthiest southern plantation owners), and Protestant reformers. Its members saw themselves as modernizers who believed in the power of government to improve society and morals.
These two parties formed the Second Party System in the United States, which lasted from about 1828 to 1854, when the issue of slavery broke apart the Whig Party.
gained traction through abolitionist sentiment and religious fervor surrounding the Second Great Awakening.
The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, published at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, used constitutional language to underline the inconsistencies between national commitments to human equality and the treatment of women.
cult of domesticity—the view that women should remain relegated to the household
Manifest Destiny: god given right for westen expansion
- gold rush and economic opportunity
-railroad and jobs maintaining new developements
-government support: Pacific Railway act (1862)
-Homestead Act (1862) free land to get small independent farmers
-white supremacy
- natives and immigrants treated terribly (asians in california ) and high taxes
-Chinease Exclusion Act of 18
Oregon Territory
Mexican- American War
-The annexation of Texas contributed to the coming of war
-Started over border dispute
-Rio Grade river
Manifest Destiny inflamed sectional tensions over slavery, which ultimately led to the Civil War.
lets just be unified against britain
"Jefferson calls it"holding a wolf by the ears"
-morally wrong vs economic opportunities
-Lincoln is known as "anti slavery" (not an abolitionist)
-Henry Clay "the great compromiser"
Missouri Compromise: when applied for statehood, add maine as free state and missouri as slave
Compromise of 1850: temporary truce, addresses status after land acquired in mex-am war
-california added as a free state
-popular sovereighnty in NM and utah
-ban of slave trade on Washington dc
Fugitive Slave Act: u have to return a slave to their state
- Distribution of wealth become more and more concentrated at the top; fewer white people owned enslaved laborers in 1860 than in 1840.
-Yeoman farmers: no slaves but yes white supremacy
Dred Scott Case
U.S. Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the courts.
Issues of slavery began to crack the foundations of the Second Party System in the 1840s. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party along sectional lines, as half of the northern Democrats in the House voted against it. In 1848, the newly-formed Free Soil Party nominated former president Martin Van Buren and ran on an antislavery platform of “Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men.”
act established the two territies of pop sov. but REPEALED missouri comp
- reopened the question of slavery's western expansion
-induced party realignment and violence, furthering the sectional divide that ultimately erupted in the Civil War.
The Democrats divided along sectional lines as a result of the bill, and the Whig party, in decline in the early 1850s, found its political power slipping further. Most important, the Kansas-Nebraska Act gave rise to the Republican Party
BLEEDING KANSAS: forshadowed violence that would ensure during civil war
nativists sentiments led to taxes that targetted immigrants
-chinese in cali
Political Machines : provided social services in exchange for political support
Settlement Houses like Hull house
Land, mining, and transportation by rail brought settlers to the American West, Free soil movement supports "west is for small famrers
Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which established the Northwest Territory (modern-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin) and prohibited the extension of slavery into that territory, land-grant legislation has been inextricably tied to the issue of slavery.
The Dawes Act of 1887 law intended to assimilate Native Americans led to the loss of millions of acres of land.
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer’s Last Stand, marked the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars.
Populist Party:
-increase government control
-ideas adopted in Progressive era
Coined term by MarkTwain:
on the surface looks great, but issies underneath
Social Darwinism: used by rich to defend success, gap grows between rich and poor
unions emerge
"New South" meant basically as industrialized as the north
farmers not doing so hot
lincoln elected, then the 7 states secede
- confederate
-president Jefferson Davis
then lincoln inagurated, clarifies he is fine keeping slavery where it is
Uncld Tom's Cabin was actually widespread and helped support abolition
"Can't eat cotton!"
first battle : manasses or bull run (south W)
Anteitam: bloodiest day in American history
-led to "emanciation proc'
-basically showed there would not be european help
Gettysburg:
- Lee wants to take it back up to the north bc then they are distracted by protecting their land
-looking for supplies
- 3 days, July 1-3 1863
Anaconda Plan:
-block the entirety of the south so no supplies
Shermans march:
-total war morale, sherman takes atlanta
Lincoln choses Andrew Johnson bc slaveholder during 1864 election but when he is assasinated thats no good
Gettysburg Address:
- "ideals are worth dying for" - lincoln
- Black codes to kep white supremacy, KKK
- Congress created the Freedmen's Bureau to economically and politically empower freed people after the Civil War.
-The Compromise of 1877 gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency in exchange for the end of Reconstruction (and withdrawl of federal troops) in the South.
-system of Jim Crow begins
Spanish-American War, the United States exercised significant control over Cuba, annexed Hawaii, and claimed Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines as territories.
The Anti-Imperialist League, which included such diverse characters as steel magnate Andrew Carnegie and labor leader Samuel Gompers, protested the United States' new empire.
Progressives tended to be WOMEN, urban, middle class (TO REFORM)
-business
-environment
-economy
-expand democracy
1. US enters neutral, to "protect democracy"
2. Great Migration: Black people move to the north for jobs in factories and economic opportunity
3. Treaty of Versailles ends WW1 and creates League of Nations (but US does not join)
4. Presidnet Woodrow Wilson
5. George Washington's ghost not happy (farewell address remember)
6. Red scare of 1920's = suppression of radicals and immigration quotas /laws
7. TECHHH
1. US neutral until Pearl Harobr
2. mobilization of economy (ended GD) but also created opportunities for women and minorities
3.japanese Internment Camps
4. Zoot Suits seen as anti american (mexican american)
5. Atomic bomb:to save american lives, end war quickly and/or demonstrate our power
WHY WE WON: TECHHH, democracy, industrial production
IMPACT: US MOST POWERFUL NATION
Great Depression/New Deal
-led for the calls for a stronger inafinancial regulatory system
-FDR's New Deal:3 R's
-relief
-recovery
-reform
-drew on earlier progressive ideals
Challenges to New Deal: supreme court packing plan and radicals like Huey Long
Impacts: lagacy of reforms and agencies, Black people and UNIONS vote DEMOCRATIC (political realignment)
-GI Bill: aid for veterans, led to suburbia
-Truman Doctorine: military and financial aid to contain threat of communism in greece and turkey
-Marshall Plan (provide foreign aid in western europe
-counterculture movement
Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missle Crisis, Space Race
US supports governments JUST bc they aren't communist
Eisenhoer says lets not spend a bunch of money bc were at peace in Military Industrial Complex
NATO to counter Soviet Union
The Vietnam War was a prolonged military conflict that started as an anticolonial war against the French and evolved into a Cold War confrontation between international communism and free-market democracy.
President Lyndon Johnson dramatically escalated US involvement in the conflict, authorizing a series of intense bombing campaigns and committing hundreds of thousands of US ground troops to the fight.
Immigration ACT OF 1965: REVERSED QUOTA SYSTE,M OF 20'S
FAVORED immigration from LA and Asia
in US:
-both parties for containing communism
-red scare, HUOC, McCarthyism
NUCLEAR FAM but women work more in 70's
Environmental movement due to Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring"
liberalism: use the gov to promote social wellbeing
supreme court 1960's :individual freedoms (Griswald v Connecticut and birth control
Brown v Board, Civil Rights Act of 1964 (eliminated segregation everywhere
civil rights inspire womens rights, and gay right (stonewall riots) cesar chavezx and latinos
Conservatism REASONS:
-decreased public trust in gov
-economic problems (stagflation and oil embargos aka inflation)
Political Scandals:
-Watergate and Pentagon Papers (LBJ deceived americans abt the vietnam war)
Social and moral decay
rise of evangelical churches
Successes:
-reduced taxes (reaganomics or tax cuts for wealthy)
-less governmnet involvment
Fails:
-government size grew
-against abortion
Reagan's Presidency:
-uses "bellicose rhetoric" means aggressive language
-not so good first time at detonte, second term gets better relations with Soviet Union and reduce weapons
POST COLD WAR WORLD:
-engages in peacekeeping interventions
-war on terrorism in afghanistan and iraq POST 9/11
-loss of manufacturing jobs due to outsourcing
-free trade (no tarriff)
-middle east conflict and climate change leads to questions of dependency on oil and fossil fuels
-population gains in South and west - "Sun Belt"