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Benito Mussolini

By: Ellie Moore & Trenton Jackson

Background

  • Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883 in Dovia di Forlì, Predappio, Italy.
  • His parents are Alessandro Mussolini and Rosa Maltoni.
  • Mussolini's father was a blacksmith and a socialist. His mother was a devout Catholic school teacher. He is the eldest of three children.
  • He was intelligent but unrestrained and disobedient.
  • His father instilled a passion for socialist politics and a defiance against authority.
  • In 1901, he received a teaching certificate and worked as a schoolmaster for a brief time.
  • He became editor of Avanti, at the age of 29.
  • His nickname is II Duce (The Leader) or Iron Perfect.

Family

Family

  • Mussolini's first wife is Ida Dalser but the marriage lasted a few months. They had a son named Benito Albino Mussolini born in 1915.
  • He then married Rachele Guidi in a civil ceremony on December 17, 1915. In 1925, they renewed their vows in a religious service.
  • They had 5 children named Edda Mussolini (1910), Vittorio Mussolini (1916), Bruno Mussolini (1918), Romano Mussolini (1927), and Anna Maria Mussolini (1929)

Eduacation

  • The teachers at the village school could not control him so, he was sent to a boarding school in Faenza, Italy.
  • He stabbed and attacked someone with a penknife because a student attempted to beat him.
  • He was expelled and then was sent to the Giosuè Carducci School at Forlimpopoli.
  • He was also expelled after assaulting another student with his penknife.
  • He studied college at the University of Lausanne.

Eduacation

The college Mussolini went to is in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Military/Political Experience

  • In 1904, he spent time in the military and was into politics.
  • Mussolini’s military experience in Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia and Albania made Italy superior in the Mediterranean region.

Ideas/Philosophy

  • In 1900, he was part of the Socialist Party but was expelled.
  • He then formed his own government called fascism.

The fascism symbol represents a bundle of sticks featuring an axe, indicating the power over life and death.

How He felt About World War II in 1939

  • He was determined "to make war at any cost."
  • He didn’t have modern industry, modern armies, and popular support.
  • In 1940 he pushed Italy into war on Hitler's side.
  • He ignored the only meaningful lesson of World War I

Organizations and Political Parties

  • On March 23, 1919 he founded the Fascist Party.
  • He organized a paramilitary unit known as the "Black Shirts."
  • Italy and Germany signed a military alliance known as the "Pact of Steel."

Actions

  • The fascist movement proclaimed opposition to social class discrimination and supported nationalist sentiments.
  • The “Black Shirts" terrorized political opponents and helped increase Fascist influence.
  • The “Pact of Steel" helped with Italy's resources. Many Italians believed Mussolini’s alliance with Germany would provide time to regroup.

How He Came Into Power

  • Italy was in political chaos and Mussolini declared that he could restore order and was given the authority in 1922 as prime minister.
  • In 1925, he had made himself dictator, taking the title "Il Duce" ("the Leader").

Achievements/laws passed

  • In February 1923, Mussolini and the Fascist Grand Council introduced the Acerbo Law.
  • This law changed election results. If one party got 25%, or more, of the votes cast in an election, they would get 66% of the seats in Parliament.
  • If you voted for the law, you would be fine. If you did not, then you were in danger from fascist thugs.

Form of Government

  • Benito Mussolini ran a fascist government.
  • Fascism is a complex ideology.
  • There are many definitions of fascism, some people describe it as a type or set of political actions, a political philosophy or a mass movement. Most definitions agree that fascism promotes nationalism at all costs.
  • Fascism is commonly associated with German Nazi and Italian regimes that came to power after World War I.
  • The word "fasces" means an ax tightly bound with sticks, which became a symbol of the fascist movement.

How They Treated Their Citizens of Their Nation

  • Fascist governments control the way people live.
  • Those who criticize the government or do not obey are punished.
  • They must leave the country, go to prison or are often executed.

Would He Be Considered a Good Leader

  • They liked that he took control, was decisive, strong, powerful, and inspiring.
  • He took a country that was poor, had social unrest, Italian pride was lost, had lack of jobs, education, and transportation.

What Role Did He Play in World War II

  • Mussolini at first agreed that Italy must not go to war.
  • On June 10, 1940 Italy joined the war.
  • Many Italians believed Mussolini’s alliance with Germany would provide time to regroup.
  • In 1940, Italy invaded Greece with some success.

These are the alliances durning World War II.

Success/Failures During the War

  • The Italians had a lot of initial success and were able to capture part of East and North Africa.
  • The Italians suffered a lot of losses in the fight with the Soviet Union and it was very unpopular.

Success/Failures During the War

Impact on the Outcome of the War

  • Mussolini was forced to resign on July 25, 1943, and was arrested.
  • German commanders later rescued him.
  • Mussolini then moved his government to northern Italy, hoping to regain his influence.

Primary Source

  • “From today onward we are all Italians and nothing but Italians. Now that steel has met steel, one single cry comes from our hearts—Viva l’Italia![Long live Italy!]” It was the beginning of fascism.
  • "It's good to trust others but, not to do so is much better."
  • "War alone brings up to their highest tension all human energies and imposes the stamp of nobility upon the peoples who have the courage to make it.”

Resources

  • http://www.notablebiographies.com/Mo-Ni/Mussolini-Benito.html
  • https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini
  • https://www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443
  • https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8733614/Benito-Mussolinis-women.html
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