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The impacts of communication on the sports environment
The Impacts of Communication on the Sports Environment
Introduction
Intro to
Communication
One cannot not communicate: communication not only occurs through words, but also through facial expressions, gestures, and even through silence.
Content and relationship: human communication happens on two levels, one is content - what is verbally transmitted and that is subject to non-verbal communication. The relationship aspect, that is to say, the relational aspects of messages change according to how the receiver interprets the content. For example: a message can be said in an ironic tone, which will modify the reception of the message.
Digital and analog modality: the analog modality generates a quantitative transmission of information (the message is or is not transmitted), whereas in the digital modality, the message is qualitative (the interpretation of the message sent out).
Punctuation gives meaning: during communication, subjects only concentrate on their own point of view, which on occasion, leads them to think that there is only one correct interpretation of facts, because the point of view of whomever is speaking is ignored.
Symmetrical and complementary communication: if two subjects possess the same information on the topic they are talking about, it can be said that communication is symmetrical. This refers to the relationship that exists between two speakers. And in the case that the speakers possess different knowledge, we are talking about complementary communication.
Communication Theory
Communication Theory
Information source: The message selected based on the multiple messages received.
Transmitter: starts the process, produces a certain number of words or gestures that form part of the message to be transmitted. Although initially the transmitter will primarily be the trainer, on numerous occasions, the athletes themselves or members of the coaching staff will be the ones who will initiate communication. A good deal of the success or failure in the communication process will depend on role of the transmitter.
Receiver: this person’s function is to decode the message that was transmitted and transferred through the channel, to be transcribed into language that is intelligible for the true receiver or recipient. Aside from the usual receivers present in the actual interaction, in the sports world, we should note that there is usually another group that receives a lot of information and whom we should keep in mind: the fans or supporters of our teams. This can be clearly seen during press conferences given by coaches of high level teams or on an athlete’s social media.
Channel: means through which communication is transferred between the transmitter and receiver.
Message: refers to everything that is sent. This can be a word, a signal, etc.
Signal: message codified by the transmitter.
Noise source: refers to possible interferences that may affect the information source.
Communication Styles
- Verbal Communication
- Two Components
- Linguistics and Paralinguistics
- Speed and Rhythm
- Defining what you want to communicate and structuring the message in a way that the receiver will be able to understand it.
- Choose the means through which the message will be sent and use the appropriate mean, depending on the context, content, and objective of the message
- Non-Verbal Communication
- Emblems, Illustrators, Regulators, Adapters, and Affective displays.
Communication Styles
Non Verbal
Communication and Sports
Non Verbal Communication and Sports
- Praxemes - a sign inserted in a code, where the signifier is a set of praxiomotor conditions and the meaning is a set of praxiomotor objectives that are associated with it. An example of a praxeme is a check away in football.
- Gestemes - A set of attitudes, mimicries, gestures, and motor patterns used to transmit a question, indication, or a tactical or relational order as a simple substitution for a word.
- Players must keep in mind that their movements are non-verbal ways of communicating, therefore the aim should be for their movements to be understood by their teammates, who can then come to their aid.
Paraverbal
Communication
Paraverbal Communication
- Enunciate clearly.
- Use different tones of voice. Just as in everyday use, for example, to reflect different moods. Master raising or lowering tone depending on the message that is intended to be transmitted.
- Emphasize messages using energetic or intense tones of voice, as relevant.
- Use pauses and silences to control sounds as a communication strategy. Be careful with pauses which may create doubt for the other person, since the message could be misinterpreted. During speech, the right words need to be found in order to not create doubt.
- Control emotions for better speech. Intonation is an emotional state indicator and often, it may not be the words that are interpreted as hurtful, but the tone in which they are said.
- Don’t use circumlocutions and avoid raising your voice uncontrollably to whatever extent is possible.
- Control breathing, which is an indicator of voice control.
Gestural and Body Language
Gestural and Body Language
- Use facial expressions as communication resources, understanding the appropriate time to use them, like during competitions or training sessions.
- To strengthen a message, nodding is recommended. Athletes interpret these gestures and experience an increase in confidence and motivation.
- Use eye contact and individualizing it for each athlete when that athlete is speaking directly to us. This produces a sense of visibility and makes them feel part of the team.
- Use gestures that indicate feelings of affection, assurance, support, and openness. Don’t let negative emotions overwhelm the moment since this will not help players feel secure.
Body Posture
Body Posture
- Body posture: body movements are one of the clearest forms of non-verbal communication. They have a direct relationship with emotional states: open postures indicate happiness and closed postures can indicate sadness.
- Position your body in such a way that it includes all athletes. Avoid turning away since this can be interpreted as indifference.
- Prioritize audience-facing orientation more than at an angle. Facing the audience facilitates communication.
- Pay attention to the body posture that athletes exhibit since this can indicate discomfort or disagreement with the coach's message.
Information Theory
Information Theory
- Information theory or the mathematical theory of information is the first scientific approach to the communication process.
- During a communication process, there are three different levels that can be distinguished: technical, semantic, and pragmatic.
- Technical level: the process of security with which information is transmitted between the sender and the receiver is studied.
- Semantic level: whatever is related to interpretation and the meaning of what is being transmitted is studied.
- Pragmatic level: this addresses what causes the message, its influence, or effectiveness.
- The coach is responsible for managing their communication style so that the athlete clearly understands their messages.
Communication as a teaching-learning process
Communication as a teaching- learning process
Communication must be stimulated during the learning process, since it’s that which encourages a creative and reflective mind, the stimulus to the athlete finding forms of expression and self-learning. These variables generate improvement in athletic performance because good communication between athletes and between athletes and the coach increase the possibilities for learning.
Socio-psychological groups:
- Sympathy and attraction
- Empathy and identification
- Contagiousness and imitation
- Suggestion and persuasion
Communication and sports
Communication and Sports
Behavior Systems
- Instinctive system: territorial and defensive boundaries. Does not know how to deal with new situations and is influenced by personal and cultural factors. Offers up resistance to change.
- Emotional system: capacity for learning, curiosity and play. It has a direct relationship with long-term memory.
- Reflective: Interprets facts, provides the capacity for understanding and introspection and encourages creativity.
Communication, generates cognitive stimuli that activates the pre-frontal lobe and supports learning. These cognitive stimuli strengthen the executive functions of:
- Control over emotional impulses
- Long-term planning
- Increasing empathy
- Increasing altruistic drive
Initial Info
Initial Info
- Communicating the objective: the trainer communicates the reason why the task needs to be learned.
- Communicating the content: this is information about what the athlete must do. In this case, the information can be conceptual, procedural, or attitudinal.
- Communicating the technique: refers to instructions about how to perform the task. Additionally, it includes organizing space, time, and the players. It contains instructions that refer to the scenario in which the training session or competition takes place. The organization of the environment prior to motor execution.
Feedback
Feedback
- Descriptive: detailed information is provided about how to execute technical skills. In the case of an error, a concrete action is the focus and an explanation is given.
- Explanatory: provides information about the reasons for errors.
- Evaluative: qualitative feedback on what was performed is given along with an explanation for why the actions occurred.
- Prescriptive: information is given about how future actions should be performed.
- Interrogative: the player is questioned after an action was executed, with the aim of reflecting on what happened, creating play awareness, and preventing possible errors.
- Training Phases
- Situation Planning
- Provocation
- New Alternatives
- Reinfocement
How the Coach Adapts
How the coach Adapts
- Communication must not be thought of as unidirectional.
- Communication is verbal and non-verbal.
- Communication is made up of two variables: content and emotion.
- It is important to be coherent over time
- Set out team Norms ahead of time
- Don't use sarcasm
- Use weekly meetings as a communication tool
Communication Functions
Communication Functions
- The trainer, the athlete, the institution, and the family must all maintain informative.
- Communication must be informative: everything should be duly communicated and nothing should be left unexplained.
- Communication channels should be planned to optimize processes.
- Communication must be engaging:
- It is the coach’s and the institution’s responsibility to regulate and measure out communication.