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PAVLOV'S ACADEMIC INFLUENCES

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  • Pavlov's lifelong habit of systematic observation/reporting began at a young age after sustaining an injury in a serious fall

  • Gifted and earned gov. scholarship to attend University of St. Petersburg
  • Academics influenced by book on digestive tract
  • Captivated by mechanistic psychology
  • Scientific inquiry ultimately lead to culmination of Nobel Prize (1904)
  • Work on physiology remains cited in contemporary textbooks

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PSYCHOLOGISTS

INCEPTION OF PAVLOV'S LABORATORY

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  • Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine was the most prominent of Pavlov's many physiological laboratories in St. Petersburg.
  • From 1897 to 1936, "at least 146 Pavlovian [grad students] investigated animals' brain functions"

  • Pavlov studies on salivation, led to the discovery that splashing mild acid in a dog’s mouth immediately resulted in large secretions of saliva.
  • Incidentally observed "psychic secretions of animals that had become accustomed to the lab routine; they would begin to salivate even before the acid was splashed on their tongues, as they went through the preliminary process of being placed in their experimental apparatus"

  • Pavlov's observations led to the commencement of future studies surrounding conditioned reflexes.

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PAVLOVIAN CONCEPTS

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  • "Pavlov's nonpsychological terminology and idea of conditioned reflexes included in Nobel Prize (1904) address
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that causes an automatic reaction.
  • Unconditioned Response (UR): automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
  • US + UR = unconditioned reflex
  • the innate and automatic reaction that must exist prior to any conditioning/learning."

  • Early research emphasized unconditioned digestive reflexes
  • Upon splashing mild acid inside dogs mouths (US), salivation (UR) automatically ensued.

  • A conditioned stimulus (CS) starts as neutral, eliciting no response
  • Eventually, over time of pairing the CS with an unconditioned stimulus, a response will become elicited
  • Mere sighting of keeper during feedings eventually became a conditioned stimulus "after regularly following the presence of the unconditioned stimuli (such as food or acid splashed on tongue)"
  • These originally neutral stimuli aroused salivation all by themselves.
  • This salivation process became a conditioned response (CR), due to the arousal of salivation "in the absence of the original, unconditioned stimulus"

  • "These new stimulus-response connections became "conditioned reflexes", in which a previously neutral stimulus (CS) acquires the ability to elicit a response (CR), it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
  • This process by which conditioned reflexes were acquired came to be called classical conditioning, or Pavlovian conditioning. "

Fechner & Rutherford, 2018, p. 322-323

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TIMELINE OF PAVLOV'S ACHIEVEMENTS

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  • In 1883, The Imperial Military Medical Academy awarded Pavlov an MD degree
  • 1890, Pavlov became appointed as Professor of Pharmacology
  • 1895, "Professor of Physiology at the Imperial Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg"
  • 1901, Pavlov's research shifted from studying digestive processes to investigating brain function, emphasizing on the salivary reflex conditioning method.

  • In 1904, Pavolv was awarded "Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine from the Royal Carolinian Medical Surgical Institute"
  • This accolade acknowledged Pavlov's scientific work on digestive processes
  • Pavlov was essentially devoted to studying brain functioning processes of complex animals, including dogs.

  • Despite the fact that Pavlov considered himself a physiologist, his research was actually recognized as a psychological endeavor.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1) In what year did Pavlov receive his Nobel Prize?

2) What University did Pavlov attend?

3) Can anybody describe/define one of Pavlov's concepts

4) Do you believe the downfall of his mentor was the catalyst for his life-changing events?

5) Do you think that Pavlov would have engaged in a career surrounding physiology if his beliefs towards the Bolsheviks were not impacted?

REFERENCES

IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV (1839 - 1946)

  • Born in ancient town of Ryazan, Russia
  • Intended to follow family tradition of becoming a seminarian
  • Fervent beliefs of "radical scientism propagated by Dmitri Pisarev" - leader of Bolsheviks
  • Beliefs changed upon destruction of career of beloved mentor, Physiologist I.F. Tsion

  • Pavlov no longer supported Bolshevik regime
  • alienation from "liberal intelligentsia"

  • Influenced by Darwinian thinking and theory of evolution

Todes, D. P. (1995). Pavlov and the Bolsheviks. History and Philosophy of the Life

Sciences, 17(3), 379–418. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23331887

Fechner, R. & Rutherford, A (2018). Pioneers in Psychology

Liddell, H. S. (1936). Pavlov's contribution to psychology. Psychological Bulletin,

33(8), 583-590. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057515

Windholz, G. (1997). Ivan P. Pavlov: An overview of his life and psychological work.

American Psychologist, 52(9), 941-946.

https: doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.941

Wolpe, J., & Plaud, J. J. (1997). Pavlov's contributions to behavior therapy: The

obvious and the not so obvious. American Psychologist, 52(9), 966-972. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.9.966

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