Historical Approaches

Daily Spark 8/28/19

1. Which historical thinker do you feel had the most impact on the field of psychology?

2. Why should a psychologist demonstrate the following traits: curiosity, skepticism, and humility?

3. How might the field of psychology change as more women and ethnicities contribute their ideas to the field?

Daily Spark 8/29/19

1

Think of one of your own unique traits. How do you think that trait has been affected by the influences of your genetics and your environment?

2

Why is the biopsychosocial approach important when studying behavior or mental processes?

3

Create a "cheat sheet" or other memory trick to help you keep track of the historical approaches and theoretical perspectives in psychology.

Types of Note Taking

What note taking have you already used? Has it been effective?

- Note Taking Research - https://www.npr.org/2016/04/17/474525392/attention-students-put-your-laptops-away

Outline

Mapping/Charting

Cornell

Method that lists information by using a hie

Uses boxes, arrows, or pictures to connect ideas on a page

Two Column style notes that allow for major concepts on one side and explanations on the other

https://medium.goodnotes.com/the-best-note-taking-methods-for-college-students-451f412e264e

Outline

Allows notes organized in a structured form, helps save a lot of time for further reviewing and editing.

As the name suggests, this method requires you to structure your notes in form of an outline by using bullet points to represent different topics and their subtopics.

Start writing main topics on the far left of the page and add related subtopic in bullet points below using indents.

Wins/Losses

Wins

Losses

Difficult for math/science/charts

Key points in logical way

Ease of use/ allows focus

If lecture not structured/ tough

Reduces reviewing/editing

Proper and clean structure

Cornell

The page is divided into three or four sections starting from one row at the top for title and date (optional) and one at the bottom along with two columns in the center.

30% of width should be kept in the left column while the remaining 70% for the right column.

All notes from the class go into the main note-taking column. The smaller column on the left side is for comments, questions or hints about the actual notes.

After the lecture, you should take a moment to summarize the main ideas of the page in the section at the bottom

Wins/Losses

Wins

Losses

Quick way to take/review/organize

Prior preparation before lecture

Summarize info systematically

Time neded to review/summary

Enables quicker absorption of info

Reduces reviewing time

Mapping/Charting

It helps organize your notes by dividing them into branches, enabling you to establish relationships between the topics.

Start with writing the main topic at the top of the map.

Keep dividing it into subtopics on the left and right as you go down.

Wins/Losses

Wins

Losses

Run out of space on single page

Visually Appealing

Detailed, but concise

Confusing if info out of place

Easy editing

Defintion of Psychology

What is Psychology?

The study (science) of behavior and mental processes

Basic Research

Applied Researach

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Domains of Psychology

Domains of psychology are the applications and different fields of research and application.

Each domain allows for specialization of particular aspects of psychology while also allowing research to bridge and incorporate a variety of perspectives.

Our Units of study relate to the 12 domains

Domains of Psychology cont

Listed Domains

Biological Domain

Counseling Domain

1

4

Studies the relationship between behavior and biology (genetics)

Assists people with problems in living and achieving greater well-being

Developmental Domain

Clinical Domain

5

2

Studies physical, cognitive, and social change through the lifespan

Assess and treat people with psych disorders

6

Educational Domain

Cognitive Domain

3

Study human thinking: Problem solving, perception, language, etc.

How psych processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Domains of Psychology cont

Listed Domains

10

Experimental Domain

Psychometric Domain

7

Investigate variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and animals

Study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

11

Social Domain

Industrial/Org. Domain

8

Studies how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Application of psych concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplace

12

Positive Domain

Personality Domain

9

Study of individual characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, acting.

Study of strengths and virtues that allow human flourishing,

Important Founders

Each of the following have had an major impact on the foundations of psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle

The mind is separable from the body

Knowledge is not pre-existing

Developed first psych lab in Germany

"atoms of the mind"

Titchener

Descartes

Determined nerves allow mind and body to communicate (even if wrong)

Developed 1st Psych school of thought

- Structuralism: introspection to reveal structure of human mind

Bacon & Locke

William James

Brain assumes more order than there is

We are a "blank slate" - Tabula Rosa

Developed Functionalism

-Functionalism: explored how mental and behavioral processes function; adapt

Wrote 1st Psych Textbook

Important Founders

Each of the following have had an major impact on the foundations of psychology

Sigmund Freud

G Stanley Hall

Established 1st formal US psych lab

Founded APA

Psychologist to used introspection to heal psych issues; main founder

Pavlov and Watson/

Mary Calkins

Developed classical conditioning

Developed Behaviorism

1st female to complete psych coursework

1st female president of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

B.F. Skinner

1st woman Ph.D. in psych

Developed Operant Conditioning

Developed Behaviorism

Important Founders

Each of the following have had an major impact on the foundations of psychology

Dorthea Dix

Jean Piaget

Child Psychologist who focused on cognitive development

Fought for rights of those with psych disorders

Francis Sumner

Carl Rogers

1st African American PhD in Psychology

Developed humanist perspective to focus on client and "self"

Abraham Maslow

Charles Darwin

Humanist psychologist; developed hierarchy of needs

Brought focus of genetics and geredity into psychological study

Structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

Focused on trying to udnerstand the strucuture of the mind

Used Introspection (looking inside the individual) to understand

Tried to use experimental methods, but not successful by today's standards.

Worked to shift psychology into a scientific process

Functionalism

William James developed to understand the functions of human behavior

Based on Darwin's "Survival of the Fittest"

- Wanted to understand how behaviors allowed us to adapt

Stressed individual differences that existed, impacting education

*Helped to focus psychology on solving real problems that exist in the world

Psychoanalytic

Developed by Freud in Austria

Focused on using introspection and free association in order to delve into the unconscious of the client

Believed that everyone "buried" bad experiences from the past, which caused ailments in present day living.

Developed Iceberg model of personality:

Id, Ego, Super Ego | Conscious, Pre-Conscious, Sub-Conscious

Developed psycho-sexual stages of development

Morphed into Psychodynamic Theory

Gestalt

a movement in psychology founded in Germany in 1912, seeking to explain perceptions in terms of gestalts (whole/clusters) rather than by analyzing their clients

Began by asking client to analyze shapes and realizing the client groups the picture as a whole.

Recognized that life is perceived as a seamless whole and began treating clients based on the whole person, rather than just the mind.

- Incorporated body and action into therapy

Behavioral

Behavioral

How we learn from observable responses

Focuses on Conditioning (Skinner, Waston) and Social Learning (Bandura)

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How do we learn to fear particular objects?

- What is the most effective way to alter our behavior to lose weight?

Biological

Biological

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Includes neuroscience/neurology to answer most of its questions

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How do pain messages travel from hand to brain

How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Cognitive

Cognitive

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Focused on thinking, memory, problem solving

Piaget and Vygotsky are big here.

Seeks to answer questions such as:

-How do we use information in remembering, reasoning, solving problems?

Evolutionary

Evolutionary

How the natural selection of trait has promoted the survival of genes

Influence by Darwin's Theory of Evolution and Survival of the Fittest

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How does evolution influence behavior tendencies?

- How might depression have allowed survival of our ancestors?

Humanistic

Humanistic

How we achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment

Sees individuals as inherently good

Includes Maslow and Rogers

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How can we work toward fulfilling our potential?

How can we overcome barriers to our personal growth?

Psychodynamic

Psycho

dynamic

How behavior springs from the unconscious drives and conflicts

Developed from the works of Freud, Jung, and Adler

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How can someone's personality traits and disorders be explained by unfulfilled wishes and childhood trauma?

Social-Cultural

Social-

Cultural

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Examines behavior based on culture of the society in which one lives and the upbringing of the individual

Seeks to answer questions such as:

- How are we affected by the people around us and by our surrounding culture?

Biopsychosocial

Integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints to explain thinking and behavior

Bio

Psycho

Social

Activity 1

With your group, research each of the 7 approaches discussed from yesterday (on pg 18 of your textbook; table 2.1)

Determine the effectiveness of each approach in order to decide which approach you believe is most effective. Be prepared to defend your answer.

- Your table does not need to agree on the best approach, but should know some data behind each of the 7 approaches.

Class will share answers after 10 min of research.

Activity 2

APA Timeline Research

Using the APA Timeline (link in Teams), find one event you think is the most important in the foundations of psychology.

- Create a two-three sentence argument to defend your selection.

Be prepared to share the event, date, and people involved as well as why it is the most important.