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Natural Cloning Process
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Natural Cloning
What's natural cloning?
Definiton
Natural cloning is the production of clones (an exact copy of an organism) without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques.
Examples of Natural Cloning
Examples
In nature some of the plants and unicellular organisms (e.g bacteria) produce genetically same off-spring.
Natural cloning also occurs in humans and other mammals.
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Plants
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Plants are capable of vegetative propagation, which allows for the autonomous growth of small portions.
This is because adult plants have "meristematic tissue" capable of cellular differentiation.
Plants
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Animals
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Certain animal species can also reproduce asexually through various mechanisms
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Animals
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Binary Fission
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The parent organism divides in two equally.
As a result two genetically identical offsprings are produced.
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Binary Fission
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Budding
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Cells split off the parent organism, generating a smaller daughter organism which eventually separates from the parent
This method of cloning occurs in Hydra but is also common to many species of yeast
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Budding
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Fragmentation
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New organisms grow from a separated fragment of the parent organism
This method of cloning is common to starfish and certain species of annelid worms
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Fragmentation
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Parthenogenesis
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Embryos are formed from unfertilised ova (via the production of a diploid egg cells by the female)
This method of cloning occurs in certain species of insect, fish, amphibians and reptiles
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Parthenogenesis
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Bacterias
Most fungi, most protist species, and all bacteria reproduce asexually to create genetic clones.
This process is called "binary fission"
Bacterias
Human Natural Cloning
Human Natural Cloning Methods
Even humans are capable of creating clons naturally. The clones are called "identical twins"
Monozygotic
Identical twins (monozygotic) are created when a fertilised egg (zygote) splits into two identical cells, each forming an embryo.
Identical twins are clones of one another.
Monozygotic
Dizygotic
Non-identical twins (dizygotic) are created when an unfertilised egg splits into two cells and each is fertilised by a different sperm
Altough non-identical twins will share 50% of the same DNA they can't be considered as clones because they have genetic differences.
Dizygotic
Bibliography
N. (2019, March 9). Cloning Fact Sheet. Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Cloning-Fact-Sheet
Natural Cloning | BioNinja. (n.d.). https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/35-genetic-modification-and/natural-cloning.html
Natural ways of cloning (2016) IB Biology. (n.d.). [Video]. YouTube. https://youtube.com/watch?v=8ZMj7zWtehg
Natural Cloning. (n.d.). StudySmarter UK. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/biology/genetic-information/natural-cloning/
ThoughtCo. (n.d.). https://www.thoughtco.com/bacterial-reproduction-373273