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Renaissance calculating tools
Mechanical calculators
Analog computers
Logarithmic rules
John Napier discovered that the multiplication and division of numbers could be performed by the addition and subtraction, using logarithms
It was at this point that he designed his 'Napier's bones', that greatly simplified calculations
Pascaline
Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculator.
He built twenty of these machines
Nine Pascalines have survived
Analog computers
Analog computers were considered by many to be the future of computing. These devices used aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved
The first modern analog computer was a tide-predicting machine, invented by Lord Kelvin. His device was the foundation for further developments in analog computing.
Allan turing introduced the notion of a "universal machine" (now known Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could compute anything by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable.
Modern computers are said to be Turing-complete.
Refers to where a signal, such as a voltage, is not used to directly represent a value. Modern computers generally use binary logic.
The mathematical basis of digital computing is Boolean algebra. the formal approach to logic and proposes the first logic language for logical equations.
Colossus was the world's first electronic digital programmable computer.
It used a large number of vacuum tubes.
Was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations.
Colossus Mark I contained 1,500 thermionic valves.
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the "second generation" of computers
Transistors have many advantages: they are smaller, and require less power
However, early junction transistors were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on a mass-production basis.