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SEMANTICS
Prezi presentation adapted from content published by Nir Eyal; original available at https://www.nirandfar.com/skill-of-the-future/
Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences. It uses the relations of linguistic forms to non-linguistic concepts and mental representations to explain how sentences are understood by native speakers.
Vocabulary and semantics
TEXT
Irina and the principal
Irina was fast asleep when the alarm went off. She opened her eyes with difficulty. Her head was throbbing – she had a headache; but she still had to get ready to teach at her school. After she had finished breakfast, she put on her coat and headed to the bus stop. When she got to the staffroom, she found that all the other teachers were having a meeting about Svatislav Melaschenko, the new head of the school. They were unhappy about him because {Vladimir said) his new power had gone to his head. He wouldn’t listen any more. He had become very pig-headed. Should they go and talk to him about it, they wondered. In the end, Vladimir tossed a coin – heads or tails {heads = we go to see him, Tails = we forget about it) – and it was heads. They decided that they would all go and see him during the lunch break. Irina didn’t want to be part of this so she tried to keep her head down, but in spite of this she somehow found herself at the head of the little procession as they marched down the corridor towards Mr.Melaschenko’s office.
Technology
What does head mean?
Irina and the principal
Irina was fast asleep when the alarm went off. She opened her eyes with difficulty. Her head was throbbing – she had a headache; but she still had to get ready to teach at her school. After she had finished breakfast, she put on her coat and headed to the bus stop. When she got to the staffroom, she found that all the other teachers were having a meeting about Svatislav Melaschenko, the new head of the school. They were unhappy about him because {Vladimir said) his new power had gone to his head. He wouldn’t listen any more. He had become very pig-headed. Should they go and talk to him about it, they wondered. In the end, Vladimir tossed a coin – heads or tails {heads = we go to see him, Tails = we forget about it) – and it was heads. They decided that they would all go and see him during the lunch break. Irina didn’t want to be part of this so she tried to keep her head down, but in spite of this she somehow found herself at the head of the little procession as they marched down the corridor towards Mr.Melaschenko’s office.
Her head was throbbing.
What does head mean in these sentences?
After she had finished breakfast, she put on her coat and headed to the bus stop.
[...] the new head of the school.
The word "head" has different meanings
his new power had gone to his head.
?
He had become very pig-headed.
Vladimir tossed a coin – heads or tails.
she somehow found herself at the head of the little procession [...].
Compound nouns
Examples: Headache, head teacher, head word, head band
How words are related to each other
Antonyms
Examples: tails
Synonyms
Examples: Headed to the bus. Synonym: proceed.
What are
waiting for?
Connotation
Examples: pig-headed means stubborn, strong-willed.
Eliciting and teaching vocabulary
WORD MEANING
Without grammar, little can be conveyed, but without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed. David Wilkins
Teaching ideas
By choosing or deciding the words that the students will find in a text.
By matching the words and their meanings
By asking the students fill the blanks in an exercise
HOW DO YOU TEACH VOCABULARY TO YOUR STUDENTS?
HEAD
Topic
Expressions
Shake your head
to move your head from side to side to mean “no”
Nod your head
Topic
to move your head up and down to mean “yes”
heads
the side of a coin with a picture of a head on it
come to a head
(of a bad situation) to become so bad that it must be dealt with
Topic
Which meaning?
Which level?
Frequency
Usability
Appropriateness
Collocations, idiomatic,
lexical chunks, informal meanings, words in context.
What does it mean to know a word?
Topic
Child
Spelling
Pronunciation
morphological irregularity
Child
syntatic features
Common derivatives
Common collocations
Semantic - neutral regarding gender
Pragmatic
What prompts us to traction or distraction?
All human behavior is cued by either external or internal triggers.
External triggers
External triggers are cues from our environment that tell us what to do next.
That can mean dings and pings that prompt us to check our email, answer a text, or look
at a news alert.
External triggers
Even an object can be an external trigger:
One might get the urge to power on the television, simply upon seeing the device when walking into a room.
Competition
Competition for attention
Competition for our attention can also come from a person, such as an interruption from a coworker.
Internal triggers are cues that come from within.
When we’re hungry, we are cued to get something to eat;
Internal triggers
Internal triggers
When we feel a chill,
we put on a sweater.
Internal triggers are
negative feelings.
Origin of action
Since all behavior is prompted by either external or internal triggers, then both the actions we intend to take (traction), as well as those that veer us off course (distraction), originate from the same two sources.
Origin of action
Internal Triggers
Distraction
Traction
External Triggers
The Indistractable Model
Master internal triggers
In order to overcome distractions, you need to understand what drives your behaviors — what prompts you to compulsively look at your phone or read one more email.
Step 1
Step 1
Human behavior
The root cause of human behavior is the desire to escape discomfort.
Even when we think we are seeking pleasure, we’re actually driven by the desire to free ourselves from the pain of wanting.
Human behavior
We overuse video games, social media, and our cell phones not just for the pleasure they provide, but also because they free us from psychological discomfort.
Self-soothing
Self-soothing
Distraction is an unhealthy
escape from bad feelings.
Once you can recognize the role internal triggers like boredom, loneliness, insecurity, fatigue, and uncertainty play in your life, you can decide how to respond in a healthier manner.
Negative emotions
Negative emotions
Control
You can’t control how you feel, but you can learn to control how you react to the way you feel.
To start, you can change how you think about the bad feelings that can lead to distraction.
Studies show that not giving into internal triggers can backfire. Resisting a craving or impulse can trigger rumination and make desire grow stronger.
When you finally give in, relieving that tension of wanting increases the reward, reinforcing a bad habit.
Control
Thankfully, there are smarter ways to cope with discomfort.
Dr. Jonathan Bricker, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, has developed
a set of steps we can take when faced with a distracting temptation.
Coping mechanisms
Coping mechanisms
His techniques help patients reduce health risks through behavioral change.
Are you feeling anxious, restless, maybe even poorly qualified for the task?
Identify
When you find yourself about to become distracted, find the feeling or thought behind your urge that’s prompting your distraction.
Identify
Write down that feeling, along with the time of day, and what you were doing when you felt that internal trigger.
Write it down
The better you become at noticing the emotions that precede certain behaviors, the better you will become at managing them.
Keeping a log of distractions will help you link behaviors with their internal triggers.
Write it down
Get curious about the sensations that precede a distraction. Do you get butterflies in your stomach?
Imagine yourself beside a stream, on which leaves gently float by.
Place each thought or negative feeling in your mind on one leaf and watch them float away.
A tightening in your chest?
Explore your sensations
Stay with that feeling before following your impulse. Try the “leaves on a stream” method.
Explore your sensations
Plan Ahead
In this day and age, if you don’t plan your day, someone else will! Without having a plan, everything is a potential distraction.
Step 2
Step 2
To make time for the things that really matter, focus on your values, decision making, and planning.
Don’t pick your goals, pick your values. Values are the attributes
of the person you want to become.
Values
Only you can decide which values are important to you.
Examples of values might include being a contributing member of a team, being a loving parent, being in an equitable marriage.
Values
Many people talk a good game about what’s important to them — family, health, friends.
But when it comes to investing time in these areas, they get distracted and don’t follow through.
Turn values
Turn values into time
They don’t live up to their values because they don’t prioritize their values in their daily lives.
The most effective way to prioritize your values is timeboxing.
The goal is to create a template for how to spend your time each day, eliminating all-white space in your calendar.
Timebox
Timebox your schedule
It means deciding what you’re going to do and what day and time you’re going to do it.
Plan
It doesn’t matter what you do, as long as you do what you originally planned to do.
Go ahead and scroll through social media, but do so at the scheduled time allotted— not at the expense of other things you planned to do.
Plan
Decide how much time you want to devote to each domain of your life, according to your values.
Prioritize
Make sure to schedule enough time for yourself and your relationships.
Prioritize
Create a weekly calendar template for your perfect week.
Next, include 15 minutes per week to reflect and refine your calendar for the week ahead.
Weekly activities
Weekly activities
The pings and dings from our devices often distract us by pulling us away from what we really want to do.
Step 3
We may try to ignore those triggers, but research shows that ignoring a call or message can be just as distracting as responding to one.
Hack Back External Triggers
Tech companies use external triggers to hack our attention.
Step 3
Distractions
Not all external triggers are distractions. If used to help
you accomplish tasks, external triggers can remind you to do what you planned.
The right approach is to ask whether the external trigger is serving you, or whether you are serving it.
If the prompt leads you to traction, keep it. If it leads you to distraction, eliminate it.
Distractions
This miracle device in your pocket has become indispensable.
It can also be a major source of distraction, but you can take back your smartphone in four steps.
Smartphones
External triggers are all around us.
One of the most potentially troublesome sources of unhelpful external triggers is our smartphones.
Smartphones
Make the shift
Shift where and when you use potentially distracting apps, like social media and YouTube, to your desktop computer instead of your phone.
Rearrange
Spring cleaning
Move any apps that may trigger mindless checking from your phone’s home screen.
Reclaim
Adjust your notification settings for each app to make sure only apps worthy of interrupting you can send external triggers.
Spring cleaning
Uninstall apps you no longer need.
Whether the external trigger comes from a notification on your phone or the interruption is a coworker knocking you off track, the consequences are the same.
Hack back
Make sure to also "hack back" external triggers in other environments, both online and offline.
Hack back
Prevent distraction with pacts
The last step to becoming indistractable is to prevent distractions with pacts.
Step 4
This technique involves making a “precommitment” — removing a future choice — in order to overcome distraction.
Step 4
Precommitments are decisions you cement well in advance of temptations you know might come your way.
Precommitments
Only take this after you have followed the first three steps, and you've successfully learned to manage your internal triggers, made time for traction, and hacked back the external triggers that pull you towards distractions.
Precommitments
There are three types of pacts.
Pacts
Pacts
An effort pact is a kind of precommitment that involves increasing the amount of effort required to do something you don’t want to do.
Make the shift
Adding additional effort forces you to ask if a distraction is worth the extra effort.
Effort pacts
There are numerous apps designed to help you make effort pacts with your digital devices.
Effort pacts
If you become distracted, you forfeit your funds.
This technique has astounding results when used to help people quit smoking.
A price pact puts money on the line.
Price pacts
If you stick to your intended behavior, you keep the cash.
Price pacts
By taking on a new identity, you empower yourself to make decisions based on who you believe you are.
An identity pact is another way to change your response to distractions. Your self-image has a profound impact on your behavior.
Identity pacts
For example, consider people that call themselves “vegetarians” don’t have to expend much willpower to avoid eating meat.
Identity pacts
Adopt a growth mindset
To become indistractable, you can stop telling yourself you are a person with a “short attention span” or an “addictive personality,” and instead tell yourself, “I am indistractable.”
Adopt a growth mindset
If you tell yourself you are the kind of person who is easily distracted, it instantly becomes true.
Empower
yourself
However, if you believe that you are indistractable, you empower yourself to healthily respond to distractions that get in your way.
Empower yourself
Make sure to also "hack back" external triggers in other environments, both online and offline.
Hack hack
Whether the external trigger comes from a notification on your phone or the interruption is a coworker knocking you off track, the consequences are the same.
Hack back
Becoming indistractable is not some mysterious formula. It’s as easy as following the four steps.
These four steps are all powerful tools that can reshape your life.
Mastering your internal triggers, making time for traction, hacking back your external triggers, and preventing distractions with pacts.