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Marx and labor
What is the relationship between the worker and nature?
1. Labor and work
Humans have needs to survive, so they must produce the means to satisfy these needs.
Labor is a process in which both men and nature participate.
In this sense, labor is the action of transforming nature or raw material into consumer goods.
The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization
Means of production
The tools (instruments) and the raw material you use to create something.
Means of production
Factory equipment, technology, tools, raw material, land.
In a capitalist system they would be private property.
Private Property
The right of an individual to exclude others use of an object.
Private Property
In a capitalist system, someone who owns property is entitled to any value associated with the property.
Proletariat
The "lower" or "working" classes, the members of which must under capitalism sell their labor in order to earn a living.
They don't own the products of their labor and do not have free access to the means of production.
"The proletariat is that class in society which lives entirely from the sale of its labor power and does not draw profit from any kind of capital; whose sole existence depends on the demand for labor."
What are the consequences of labor for the individual?
2. Consequences
Division of labor
The division of labour is a specific mode of cooperation where different tasks are assigned to different people.
Division of labor
The formation of social classes began a new kind of division of labour, based on class relations, including the division between mental and manual labour.
The development of the social division of labour has tended to channel individuals into narrowly defined occupations, situating them in a well-defined position in the social division of labour for a life-time. That is to say, no-one is a person, she is rather a labourer in this or that occupation.
Class struggle
Class: A group of people sharing common relations to labor and the means of production.
Class struggle
Within Capitalism, the relationship between classes is exploitative, enriching the owners of capital and keeping the working class poor.
What is Capitalism?
3. Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production of goods or services are privately owned and operated for a profit.
All economic activities respond to the free initiative of people, who's main goal is the maximum benefit, and increasing accumulation of capital.
The intervention of the state should be reduced to its minimum.
Capital
Wealth used in the process of production, which includes wealth in the course of exchange.
Any item of wealth could be used as capital; it could be sold or used in production.
The money and physical assets (such as machines and infraestructure) used to produce an income. A key ingredient of economic activity, along with land, labor and enterprise.
Capital
Surplus value
Capitalists obtain their wealth from the surplus value of goods produced, in the factories they own, by the labor of the workers.
That surplus value takes the form of capital, and this is in fact the essence of production in capitalism.
What elements from Capitalism can you identify in the image?
4. Image
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Karl Marx was an influential economist, political philosopher, and historian.
5. KARL MARX
His criticism towards Capitalism is based on:
Social inequalities
Proletariats would have to sell their work in order to survive. They do not own the product of their labor, nor have free access to the means of production.
Its excitence depends on the demand of their work. Leading to poor working conditions as well as economic inequalities between the proletariat and the capitalist.
Social inequality
What causes alianation?
The unskilled nature of the work in factories and mills contributes to
a feeling of dehumanization and
alienation from the process of
production, which is aggravated
by the threat of unemployment
when production exceeds demand.
Alienation
The worker becomes alien to nature, because he destroys it in order to produce, and he becomes alien to other men because he enters into competition with them.
Capitalism and exploitation
Exploitation
In order to achieve surplus, the worker is exploited as well as nature in the search for raw material, and as a disposal environment.