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key terms

The psychology being investigated is the interaction effect of the IVS, empathy levels and oxytocin on interpersonal distance as well as the relarionship we have with the other person.

theories

perry describes late adolescent development in terms of choerent froms of thought, and in this experimnet it shows the steps in which students move from a simplistic catagorical view of the world to a relization of the contingent nature of knowledge and values to the formation of their own commitments.

Psychological Approach

Historical Background

Psychologist wanted to know what other factors may infulence person space behavior. This experiment is a social approch experiment.

perry was interested in investigating peoples personal space prefrences and how they would be affected by a few diffrent factors. he beleved they could be changed by social hormones.

perry et al

personal space

aims

Psychological Debates/Issues Addressed

The aim of this study was to test the diffrent effect of OT on personal space prefences in relation to a persons empathy, perry wanted to know if a more empethetic person would prefer closer distances while people with low epathy would prefer a greater distance.

In experiment 2 the participants were decieved. There was no personal discussion on what the expermiment really was. But it was nothing harmful..

Hypothesis

The hypothesis of perry et al is that oxytocin will have different affec ts on preferred interpersonal distance depending on the amount of empathy for different individuals.

key words

  • oxytocin- Oxytocin is a powerful hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain
  • ET halls theory- the closer the relarionship, the shorter the interpersonal distance with have with the person
  • Empathy- Empathy is the ability to recognize, understand, and share the thoughts and feelings of another person, animal, or fictional character
  • Interaction effect- the effect of two or more variables on at least one dependent variable
  • social salience- predicts that oxytocin increases attention to social cues and affects how a person responds to these cues dpeending on social setting

Types of Data

The data is mainly quantitative here is some of the collected and recorded data

Design

Sample

Method

The perry et al experiment took place at Haifa university and this was a artifical enviornmnt. they used a mixed experimnetal design to grant psarticipants. in experiments one and two the study used independent groups for the IV of empathy, this IV was adminesterd as two diffrent levels; high or low, this IV was not manipulated by researchers.

for the perry et al personal space study they used men ages 19-32 years old the men where undergraduates fron the university of a Haifia and they were either rewarded with money or course credit. all members who participated did ot have any type of nurological or phychiatric disorders. the men were separated into two groups based on thier IRI. the High Interpersonal reactivity group had 20 psrticipants and the Low Interpersonal Reactivity had 20 participants as well.

Variables

The variables used in the perry et al personal space study would be .....

  • Empathy was the IV at two levels high and low
  • Oxytocin was the other IV that was administerd to participants
  • Condition is the last IV and the IV would be condition that repeated mesures design and had levels including strangers, authority, and friends.
  • The DV would be the personal space requirements of each participant

procedure

Step by Step overview of how the study was conducted. Including experiments 1 and 2.

procedure

overview of experiments:

Participants attended the university in order to complete experiment 1 and then again again, a week later on the same day and time to complete experiment 2.

experiment 1

the participants were shown a computerized animated version of the comfortable interpersonal distance tests. it showed the name of the figure for 1 seconds ( friend, stranger, authority or ball) then it showed a fixation point for 0.5 secs. Participants were shown a circular room and a person in the middle, the particpants had to pretend they were in the middle then the figure enter from one of the 8 entrances and moved towards the middle along a radius for 3 seconds. Participants had to press a spacebar to indicate where they'd like the figure to stop the animation ended when the figure collided or when the participants pressed the spacebar the percentage of remaining distance from the total distance was calculated.

experimnet 1:

there were 24 trials for each of the 4 figures , so 96 in total. the mesured in the experimnet would be the percentage of the remaining distance from the total distance

Experiment 2:

Participants were told that after participating in the 2 rounds of experiments, that they were going to have a talk with another about personal topics in a room, they were told that an average room would be calc based on their preferences. they were shown a computerized image of pair of rooms and had to choose which room they preferred. in all the rooms, there were 2 identical chairs in the middle, a plant, a clock, table, cupboard and lamp the pairs of rooms differed in one of the following parameters ; the distance between the 2 chairs, the angle between the chairs, the distance between the table and plant and the angle of the table and plant

the diffrence of conditions for experiment 2 :

experimental :

  • the distance between the 2 chairs ( 20-140 cm, in 20 cm intervals)
  • the angle between the 2 chairs ( 0, 45 or 90 degrees)

control:

  • the distance between the table and plant ( 200-320 cm, in 20 cm intervals)
  • the angle between the table and plant ( 0 ,45 and 90 degrees)

experiment 2

The control condidtion was preferred distance between table and the plant. The two picture sets where show on the computer for 2s and the particapant had to chose thier preferance. there where 84 total pictures.

Analysis/conclusion

GRAVE ANALYSIS

This study lacks ecological valitdity since it takes place in a university. They would ask participants thier preferances with personal space on a computer generated test, but thier answers might be diffrent that thier real- life choices. so Experimnet 1 and 2 lack mundane realisim. Our chices about personal space are influenced by complex cues from others. This study has good internal valididty the order of experiments was counterbalanced and extranious variables where also controlled as social interaction after OT or saline was administerd was minimized thrugh the use of the waiting room. another strangth to this experiment is that it was a highly standardized procidure so the images on the computer where extreamly accurate and consistant. therefore the results where reliable and these experiments where repeated and expected to produce the same results.

Results

results for experiment 1

- Participants with high empathy under oxytocin prefer shorter interpersonal distance ( 23.29 %)

- Participants with low empathy under oxytocin prefer longer interpersonal distance (30.3 %)

-the less the participants knew the figure, the longer the interpersonal distance, example friend (12.46) vs stranger (39.82)

results for experiment 2

- high empathy prefered closer chair distances following OT administration than placebo (78.07 cm )

- low empathy prefered farther chair distances following OT administration (80.14 cm)

- Ot and empathy had no effect of the distance between the table and plant

ethical issues

  • deception ; lied about experiment 2 that the participants were going to talk to other participants in a room about personal topics
  • consent ; there was informed consent
  • there was protection from physical harm; nasal droppers were pain free and no side effect from OT and placebo.
  • debrief ; Participants were debriefed

strengths

weakness

1. Laboratory experiment

- controls and standardized procedure allow for control of extraneous variables and replication

2. Ethics

- there was consent and debriefing

- approved by Uni of Haifah ethical committee

-protection from harm ( use of nasal spray was painless)

1. Sample

- 54 males

- from uni of haifa

- low generalizability due to gender and location

2. Low ecological validity

- also low mundane realism

- not in a real life setting ; depending on social situation and other social cues such as body language and tone of voice, personal space may vary

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