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Facts About the Heart:
-Heart is very muscular
-Beats around 100,00 times a day
-Heart has two separate pumps
-The heart beat is intrinsic
Aorta: Carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body
Super Vena Cava: Transports deoxygenated blood from upper body to heart
Right Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Foramen Ovale: Allows blood to cross the atria
Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the right ventricle
Tricuspid Valve: Makes blood flow in a forward direction from right atrium to ventricle
Chordae Tendineae: Hold the atrioventricular valves while heart is pumping blood
Inferior Vena Cava: Carries deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium
Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Pulmonary Valve: Moves blood to the lungs and keeps it from going back to pulmonary artery
Left Pulmonary Artery: Brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left Atrium; Hold blood returning from lungs
Mitral Valve: Regulates blood flow from left atrium to left ventricle
Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
There are 4 valves present in the heart
Tricuspid Valve: Located between right ventricle and right atrium, it makes blood flow in a forward direction from right atrium to right ventricle
Bicupsid Valve: Allows blood to flow in one direction from the left atrium to left ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve: Prevents back flow of blood to the left ventricle and keeps it moving towards the rest of the body
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Prevents back flow of blood towards the right ventricle
The heart has 4 chambers
Two Atria Chambers:
-Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the right ventricle
-Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood and pumps it to the left ventricle
Two Ventricle Chambers:
-Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood the heart
-Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
-Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through superior and inferior vena cavae
-Right atrium contracts and tricuspid valve forces blood to right ventricle
-Right ventricle contracts and sends blood through he pulmonary semilunar valve and then into pulmonary trunk
-Trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and take deoxygenated blood to lungs
-Blood becomes oxygenated at the lungs
-Oxygenated blood goes to pulmonary veins which takes it to the left atrium
-Left atrium contracts and blood is forced through the bicupsid valve to the left ventricle
-Left ventricle contracts and forces blood through aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta
-Aorta divides into smaller arteries and carry oxygenated blood throughout the body
Function of the Circulatory System
The function of the circulatory system is to circulate blood which allows the transport of nutrients, waste, hormones and more.
Systemic System:
-Includes blood vessel except vessels from Pulomary System
-Takes blood from the left ventricle, then throughout the body, then back to the right atrium
-Sends out oxygenated blood to cells and other parts of the body
-Brings back deoyxgenated blood back to heart
Pulmonary System:
-Brings blood from the heart to the lungs
-Deoxygenated blood from the body is collected in the right atrium
-Blood is pumped to the right ventricle then sent to the pulmonary trunk
-Pulmonary trunk then divides into pulmonary arteries
-It then divides into the arterioles of the lungs
-Blood is taken by the arterioles to the pulmonary capillaries
-Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide is then exchanged
-Blood is now oxygenated
-Blood goes through pulmonary venules, then pulmonary veins
-Returns to left atrium
-The heart beat is intrinsic (Natural)
-Heart has a special tissue called Nodal Tissue
-It controls the heart beat
-There are two nodal regions, SA Node and AV Node
SA Node:
-Sinoatrial Node (Known as pacemaker)
-Located in upper back wall of right atrium
-Starts heartbeat by sending a signal every 0.85 seconds
-It makes the atria contract
-Called pacemaker because it keeps a regular beat
AV Node:
-Located near the center of the heart
-Helps coordinate contraction of atria and ventricles due to the electrical signal from SA Node
-Controls the passage of the electrical signal
What is it: Pressure of the blood against the wall of a vessel that is created by the pumping of the heart
Hypotension: Low blood pressure
Hypertension: High blood pressure
-Hypertension can be caused from bad diet
-Atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack, and phlebitis are health risks due to high/low blood pressure
-Blood pressure is measured with a sphygmomanometer
Systolic Blood Pressure: Highest arterial pressure achieved during ejection of blood from heart
Diastolic Blood Pressure: Lowest arterial pressure, when the ventricles are relaxing
What is it: Vascular system that is separate from circulatory system, but is connected with it
-Takes up extra fluid from tissues and brings it to the circulatory system
-One way system
Parts of Lymphatic System:
-Lymphatic Capillaries and Veins
-Lymph: Fluid containing white blood cells
-Right Lymphatic Duct: Drains lymphatic fluid from right thoracic cavity
-Thoracic Duct: Transports lymph back to circulatory system
-Lymphocytes: Type of white blood cell
-Lymph Nodes: Small oval/round structure that produce lymphocytes
-Thymus Gland: Production and maturation of some lymphocytes
-Spleen: Contains white blood cells and stores blood
-Lacteal: Binds ends of lymph vessels in villi of small intestine
Main Functions:
-Transports excess tissue fluid back to circulatory system
-Absorbs fat from intestine
-Fights infections by producing lymphocytes and cleaning lymph
There are five main blood vessels in the body that help the circulatory system.
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins
Major Arteries
Major Veins
-Arteries: Carry blood away from heart and to other parts of the body
-Aorta: Carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
-Coronary Arteries: Supplies blood to the heart
-Renal Artery: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the kidneys
-Illac Artery: Supplies blood to bones, organs, and other structures around the pelvis/abdomen
-Subclavian Artery: Right artery supplies blood to right arm, Left Artery supplies blood to left arm
-Veins: Brings deoxygenated blood back to heart
-Coronary Veins: Brings deoxygenated blood from myocardium to the right atrium
-Renal Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from kidneys
-Iliac Vein: Drains blood from organs around the pelvis
-Subclavian Veins: Drains blood from upper extremities and brings it to the heart
-Jugular Veins: Brings deoxygnated blood from the brain, face and neck and transports it to the heart
-Inferior Vena Cava: Carries deoxygenated blood from lower half of body to the right atrium
Venules:
What it is: Smaller blood vessel
Function: Allows deoxygnated blood to return from capillary beds
Importance: Deoxygenated blood can return to veins
Arterioles
What it is: Smaller Artery
Function: Distribute blood to capillary beds
Importance: Primary site of resistance and regulation of blood pressure
Function: Where transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other parts of the body
Can also collect waste such as carbon dioxide
Location: In the tissues of the body
Formation: Branch off from arterioles
There are four features of the Fetal Heart that are not present in the adult heart.
1. Oval Opening: -Opening between two atria
-Acts like a valve
-Blood is pumped from right atrium through the oval opening to the left atrium
-Bypasses pulmonary circuit
-If not closed by birth deoxygnated and oxygenated blood can become mixed
2. Arterial Duct: -Connects pulmonary artery and aorta
-Directs the blood away that is being pumped from the heart to the lungs will be redirected to the arterial duct
-Also bypasses the pulmonary circuit
3. Umbilical Cords and Veins: -Vessels that go the the placenta to receive nutrients and gets rid of waste
-Umbilical arteries and iliac arteries are connected
4. Venous Duct: -Allows connection of umbilical vein to the venae cava so the fetus's heart can receive blood
-Venous Duct is attached to the fetus's liver
-It bypasses most of the liver
Blood is composed of 4 main parts:
-Plasma
-Red Blood Cells
-White Blood Cells
-Platelets
Functions of Blood:
-Transports Oxygen and Nutrients
-Regulates Body Temp.
-Removes Waste
-Combats Infection
Antigens: Located outside of red blood cells that identify them
-Antigens determines the blood type of the person
Antigen A=Blood type A
Antigen B= Blood type B
Antigen AB=Blood Type AB
Antibodies: Produced if antigens different from the blood of the body are found
-Antibodies bind to foreign cells and cause clump the blood (agglutination)
-Compatible blood is important to not cause clumping of blood
Rh Factor: Type of antigen
-Blood types can be Rh+ or - depending on the factor
-Rh Factor can cause pregnancy problems
-If a mother and baby have opposite Rh factors there can be issues for future pregnancies
-If baby's blood comes in contact with mothers blood, it will produce antibodies
-For example an Rh- Baby's blood comes in contact with Rh+ mother, mother will produce antibodies to combat Rh- antigen
-It can cause miscarriages or stillbirth
Tissue/Capillary Fluid Exchange:
-Once blood reaches the capillaries, the capillaries can use it's functions
-Osmotic pressure is lower than blood pressure on the arterial side of a capillary
-Plasma is then forced into the tissues
-The plasma causes oxygen to diffuse from red blood cells across the capillary wall and into the tissues
-This causes blood pressure to drop
-Osmotic pressure is then higher than blood pressure on the venule side
-Fluid is drawn out of the tissues and into the blood from diffusion and osmosis
-The arterial end diffuses nutrients into the tissues
-Venule end diffuses water out of the tissues
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel
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https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/renal-veins#1
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