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AP-Biology: Cell Structure and Function

Leilandra Montgomery

Grand Canyon University Bio-510

Dr. Carol Hoban

Due: November 28, 2018

Outline and Objectives

Introduction

Outline

Outline

  • Discovery and History of Cells:
  • Cellular Level of Organization
  • Cell Theory
  • Cell Size
  • Prokaryotic Cells
  • Eukaryotic Cells
  • Organelles
  • Nucleus and Ribosome
  • Endomembrane System
  • Energy Related Organelles
  • Other Vesicles and Vacuoles
  • Plasma Membrane

Objectives

Objectives

  • To explain how the cell was discovered
  • To Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • To describe the structure of the nucleus
  • To describe how cell structures are directly related to function
  • To identify and describe the functions of organelles
  • To explain how the endomembrane system works to export materials from the cell
  • Describe evidence that supports the Endosymbiosis Theory
  • To be able to compare a plant cell to an animal cell

History of Cells

History and Discovery of the Cell

&

Cellular Level of Organization

Discovery of Cells (1600's)

The discovery of cells was because of a scientist who decided to look at cork under a microscope:

This individual?

- Robert Hooke

History

He described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs

hes not the only mastermind behind cells though....

Cellular Level of Organization

Cell Size

The Cell Theory

Cells exist in the 10 um - 1 mm size range

Cellular Level

  • All living things are made of cells
  • The cell is the basic unit of life
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotic Cells

- no membrane bound organelles

- typically smaller sized 10 - 100 um

- much more abundant

Prokaryotic Cells

Inside the Cell...

Prokaryotes have a cell wall and cell membrane.

Some have a capsule on the outside.

The ribosomes make protein that consist of bacteria and archaebacteria

Appendages on the prokaryotes include:

  • fimbriae, pili, flagella

Do you think that prokaryotes are entirely different than eukaryotes? Why or why not?

Lets go in the cell!

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm.

These organelles perform specific functions

Eukaryotic cells tend to be much larger than prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

There are two major types of Eukaryotic Cells:

- animal

- plant

Chemoheterotrophic

Animal Cell

The animal cell has different parts compared to a plant cell and is definitely different than a prokaryotic cell.

Can someone tell me how they are different or what they spot that is different?

Heterotrophic

Plant Cell

Compare and contrast between plant and animal cells

What differences do you see?

The reason and function behind membrane bound organelles.

Organelles

The membrane isolates different areas of the cell. This enables the cell to have varied conditions in these areas. This means the eukaryotic cells are able to specialize. The membranes of each cell allow them to have certain things occur, like cellular respiration or photosynthesis

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a double membrane, with protein pore channels.

The nucleus is the site of DNA storage and replication. The information is then passed to the ribosomes.

The Nucleus

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

The structure of ribosomes is a complex of RNA and proteins. It consists of two subunits. Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than Prokaryotic ribosomes. The function of the ribosomes is a location where protein synthesis occurs . This is done by using a RNA transcript obtained by a gene.

Dont forget the nucleolous

Extra important info...

Its a bumpy ride, but worth it!

This system has different membranes that in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. They divdie the cell in to functional and structural compartments. These compartments are:

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles and Vesicles

Endomembrane System

Lets see how eukaryote cells send proteins from ribosomes to their final destination: the plasma membrane.

2 types of Ribosomes

Ribosomes

Earlier we touched on ribosomes, but here we go into more detail.

There are two types of ribosomes:

  • free
  • bound

Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and create proteins that will stay in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and make proteins that will go into the membrane or proteins that will be exported from the cell.

Rough and Smooth ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum has to parts to it:

  • Rough
  • Smooth

The ER is a network of membrane channels that are attached to the nuclear membrane. The rough er is closes to the nucleus and has the bound ribosomes that we talked about earlier. They received the proteins from these bound ribosomes. The smooth er is farther from the nucleus with no bound ribosomes.

The rough ERs roles is to provide structural support for the cell, help maintain separate compartments and targets protein synthesis. The Smooth ERs function is to synthesize lipids for the cell, detoxify compounds, and break down glycogen.

Lets take a closer look.. shall we?

Vesicles... for everyone!

Vesicles are small compartments surrounded by the membrane.

They have various functions. It just depends on the contents needed to be transferred, like proteins from one part to another. They also help with endocytosis and exocytosis.

Vesicles

The Short and Sweet Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi Apparatus is a series of flattened, membrane-bound sac that have the role of synthesis, (usually protein synthesis), and modification and packaging of molecules

Golgi Apparatus

Please protect my cells insides plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane

The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that has embedded proteins within. We will go more into detail about this section next week. However you should know that its functions is to control the transport to matter into and out of the cell. It also received and sends signals from other cells within the outer environment.

The Powerhouse of the Cell

The mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells.

The mitochondria is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it converts glucose into energy. It is the site of cellular respiration and creates ATP.

Mitochondria

Conclusion

As we can see, the cell structure is important as it leads into the function of the cell as well. Each part is important for the use of another part of the cell.

Conclusion

What is your favorite part of the cell? Which parts do you think are the most important for cell function?

References and Future Research

  • Bielka, H. (1982). Function of eukaryotic ribosomes. The Eukaryotic Ribosome, 201-252. doi:10ss1007/978-3-642-68272-8_11
  • Gorski, S. (2005). Systems biology in the cell nucleus. Journal of Cell Science, 118(18), 4083-4092. doi:10.1242/jcs.02596
  • Holy, J., & Perkins, E. (2009). Structure and Function of the Nucleus and Cell Organelles. Bioinformatics for Systems Biology, 3-31. doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-440-7_1
  • Igarashi, P. (1992). Chapter 8 Structure and function of plasma membrane Na H exchangers. Molecular Aspects of Transport Proteins New Comprehensive Biochemistry, 247-272. doi:10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60070-8
  • Meissner, S. T. (2016). Cell Membranes: A Bilayer Looked at from Two Sides. BioScience, 66(2), 174-176. doi:10.1093/biosci/biv177
  • Mimura, Y., & Imamoto, N. (2016). Nuclear Organization (Nuclear Structure and Dynamics). Encyclopedia of Cell Biology, 311-318. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394447-4.20027-8
  • Nakielny, S., & Dreyfuss, G. (1999). Transport of Proteins and RNAs in and out of the Nucleus. Cell, 99(7), 677-690. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81666-9
  • Nolte, D. D. (2011). Cell Structure and Dynamics. Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine, 227-249. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0890-1_8
  • Schrader, M., Godinho, L. F., Costello, J. L., & Islinger, M. (2015). The different facets of organelle interplay—an overview of organelle interactions. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 3. doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00056
  • Wilson, D., Spahn, C., & Yusupov, M. (2016). Ribosomes Structure and Mechanisms in Regulation of Protein Synthesis Part I. Journal of Molecular Biology, 428(10), 2133. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.002 edit

References

https://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells1.html

khanacademy.com

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