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Leilandra Montgomery
Grand Canyon University Bio-510
Dr. Carol Hoban
Due: November 28, 2018
The discovery of cells was because of a scientist who decided to look at cork under a microscope:
This individual?
- Robert Hooke
He described the cells as tiny boxes or honeycombs
hes not the only mastermind behind cells though....
Cell Size
The Cell Theory
Cells exist in the 10 um - 1 mm size range
- no membrane bound organelles
- typically smaller sized 10 - 100 um
- much more abundant
Inside the Cell...
Prokaryotes have a cell wall and cell membrane.
Some have a capsule on the outside.
The ribosomes make protein that consist of bacteria and archaebacteria
Appendages on the prokaryotes include:
Do you think that prokaryotes are entirely different than eukaryotes? Why or why not?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm.
These organelles perform specific functions
Eukaryotic cells tend to be much larger than prokaryotic cells.
There are two major types of Eukaryotic Cells:
- animal
- plant
The animal cell has different parts compared to a plant cell and is definitely different than a prokaryotic cell.
Can someone tell me how they are different or what they spot that is different?
What differences do you see?
The membrane isolates different areas of the cell. This enables the cell to have varied conditions in these areas. This means the eukaryotic cells are able to specialize. The membranes of each cell allow them to have certain things occur, like cellular respiration or photosynthesis
The nucleus is a double membrane, with protein pore channels.
The nucleus is the site of DNA storage and replication. The information is then passed to the ribosomes.
The structure of ribosomes is a complex of RNA and proteins. It consists of two subunits. Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than Prokaryotic ribosomes. The function of the ribosomes is a location where protein synthesis occurs . This is done by using a RNA transcript obtained by a gene.
This system has different membranes that in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. They divdie the cell in to functional and structural compartments. These compartments are:
Lets see how eukaryote cells send proteins from ribosomes to their final destination: the plasma membrane.
Earlier we touched on ribosomes, but here we go into more detail.
There are two types of ribosomes:
Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm and create proteins that will stay in the cytoplasm
Bound ribosomes are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and make proteins that will go into the membrane or proteins that will be exported from the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum has to parts to it:
The ER is a network of membrane channels that are attached to the nuclear membrane. The rough er is closes to the nucleus and has the bound ribosomes that we talked about earlier. They received the proteins from these bound ribosomes. The smooth er is farther from the nucleus with no bound ribosomes.
The rough ERs roles is to provide structural support for the cell, help maintain separate compartments and targets protein synthesis. The Smooth ERs function is to synthesize lipids for the cell, detoxify compounds, and break down glycogen.
Vesicles are small compartments surrounded by the membrane.
They have various functions. It just depends on the contents needed to be transferred, like proteins from one part to another. They also help with endocytosis and exocytosis.
The Golgi Apparatus is a series of flattened, membrane-bound sac that have the role of synthesis, (usually protein synthesis), and modification and packaging of molecules
The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that has embedded proteins within. We will go more into detail about this section next week. However you should know that its functions is to control the transport to matter into and out of the cell. It also received and sends signals from other cells within the outer environment.
The mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells.
The mitochondria is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it converts glucose into energy. It is the site of cellular respiration and creates ATP.
As we can see, the cell structure is important as it leads into the function of the cell as well. Each part is important for the use of another part of the cell.
What is your favorite part of the cell? Which parts do you think are the most important for cell function?
https://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells1.html
khanacademy.com