english2

11.1 Relative clauses

Relative pronouns

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

Which for what?

Relative pronouns

• Which or That : to refer to things
• Who or That : to refer to people
• Where : to refer to places
• When : to refer to times
• Whose : use as a possessive form

Defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses

It gives additional or interesting information about people or things. This information is not essential and the sentence has a clear meaning without the relative clause.

It is used because the sentence would not make sense without it. It gives essential information that identifies or specifies which person or thing is being talked about.

Usually put a comma both before and after a non-defining relative clause.

The relative pronoun which, that or who can be left out of the relative clause if the relative clause contains a second subject that is different from the subject of the whole sentence.

Ex: Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name.

Non-defining relative clauses

Caution!

• The relative pronoun which or who cannot be left out of a non-defining relative clause.
• DO NOT use THAT in a non-defining relative clause.

Which for what?

Facts, Situations and Actions

Which can be used to link a whole sentences describing a fact, situation or action with a comment on that fact, situation or action.

Ex: They lost the game, which disappointed their supporters.

11.2 Participles

1.The present participle (doing / not doing)

Can be used instead of repeating a subject to talk about two things happening at the same time.

Ex: They open the door and bring the chair in.

Opening the door, they brought the chair in.

1.The present participle (doing / not doing)

Can be used instead of while / when + subject + continuous verb to talk about one thing happening during the same period as another.

Ex: Tom lost his keys while he was walking through the park.

Walking through the park, Tom lost his keys.

1.The present participle (doing / not doing)

Can be used after while / when instead of subject + be.

Ex: While I was walking along the country road, I saw a big black cat.

I saw a big black cat while walking along the country road.

1.The present participle (doing / not doing)

The subject of a participle must always be the same as the subject of the main verb in a sentences.

Ex: I saw an accident when I was coming out of the house.

Coming out of the house, I saw an accident.

2.The past participle (done)

Can be used instead of and + subject + passive verb to give a first piece of information about someone or something, which is then followed by another piece of information.

Ex: This is one of the finest cinemas in London and it was built in 1927

Built in 1927, this is one of the finest cinemas in London

2.The past participle (done)

Can be used to give a reason instead of because + subject + passive verb.

Ex: Because she was forced to save money, she stopped buying expensive clothes.

Forced to save money, she stopped buying expensive clothes.

3.Get + past participle

Use as a passive pattern instead of be + past participle to say that something unpleasant or undesirable happens to the subject.

Ex: She got injured in the accident.

3.Get + past participle

Also used in certain common phrases, such as these: get married / get divorced / get dressed / get changed / get started.

Ex: My husband and I got divorced three years ago.

Phrasal verb

Example

I always fail in doing this

Fail in : thất bại trong việc gì đó.

She failed to do everything that she was supposed to do

Fail to (do st) = don’t (do st) không làm gì đó

Try + V-ing : thử

I tried sending her flowers, writing her letters, giving her presents, but she still wouldn't speak to me

I tried to change the wheel, but my hands were too cold

Try + to + V : cố gắng

Attempt to do st/ at doing st : cố gắng, thử

He attempted to escape through a window

Succeed in dong st = manage to do st: thành công trong lĩnh vực nào đó

We succeeded in digging the Panama canal = We managed to dig the Panama canal

She made no effort to help me at all

Make (an) effort: nỗ lực

Clear up=Tidy

Dọn gọn gàng

Pull up=Stop

Dừng lại

Call off=Cancel

Hủy bỏ

Back up=Support

Ủng hộ

11.4 Work focus

Hold up=Delay

Trì hoãn

Hang on=Wait

Chờ đợi

• See to=See about=Deal with : Quan tâm, để ý
• Stand for=Represent the words : Viết tắt của
• Stick to=Keep to a decision : Giữ quyết định
• Throw away : Ném đi

Exercise

Write relative pronouns to complete these sentences :

Mrs. Richmond, WHO is 42 years old, does morning excercise every morning.

The book WHICH/THAT i received on my birthday is informative

The company WHOSE products have high quality is facing with financial problem.

The house WHERE/IN WHICH i was born and grew up was destroyed in an earthquake ten years ago.

Do you still remember the day WHEN/ON WHICH we first met?

Complete each sentence with the correct form of one of phrasal verbs :

• Sorry I’m late, but my train was HELD UP.
• We said we’d give her the cash, and we must STICK TO our agreement.

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