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15
N
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Alice Villanova
The birth of the novel
the birth of
the novel
The novel was born following the advent of journalism (18th century); in fact, before being written separately, a different chapter was told in the newspapers day by day, this aroused interest in readers who were curious to know the continuation.
At that point, the first anonymous writer, Daniel Defoe, decided to collect all the chapters in a single book, the birth of the novel is due to him.
Novelists
Daniel Defoe
1
the realistic novel: verisimilitude
Samuel Richardson
2
the epistolary novel: personal point of you
Jonathan Swift
3
the satirical novel: satire
Henry Fielding
4
The most important novelists of this period are:
the piquaresque novel: irony
Laurence Sterne
5
the anti-novel: game
Generally Novel is divided into some parts:
Title
Chapters divided in:
- the beginning of the novel
- the development of the novel
- the end of the novel
The Characteristic of the novel
characteristic of the novel
The Novel has some different characteristics, which remain the same. The Novel OF that period HAD TO be realistic because It is the mirror of middle class, composed by puritans. They had a rigid vision of life based on work, religion and practice. The reading public was constituted by middle people, in particular woman; in fact they remained in their house to educate the children, so in their free time they liked reading.
The most important character is the protagonist, he/she is described throughout the duration of the novel. All aspects of his character, the physical ones, his actions are analyzed and sometimes they are also commented.
The characters are completely described in all aspect, their physical appearance, their behavior, their actions. The personage can be also animals, humans and sometimes things. The presentation of a character can be direct or indirect. Many type of characters can exist:
- round and flat,
- major and minor,
- antagonist,
- protagonist.
Characters
Other characters:
The major characters influence the development of the story, sometimes they help the protagonist.
Instead the minor characters are not important for the continuation of the narration.
The antagonist hinders the protagonist during his path. can be helped by another character
The round characters change their personality as the narration develops and can influence the plot.
The flat characters do not change during the story and they are called "stereotypes".
The setting is the place where the story develops.
In this period it is:
realistic
setting
interior or exterior
time
Time is the period in which the story develop, it is always realistic and at that time it is chronological, in fact this means that the events are real.
chronological
Past
Present
Future
The story is a sequence of events; the author can decide not to write the story chronologically.
story
plot
The plot is the aesthetic disposition of the events.
If he is in third person, he is outside the story, he knows everything, so in this case the narrator is omniscient. This is a passive figure, he must know all the story.
The narrator tells the story. He can be or in third person or in first person.
narrator
Also the narrator is in first person, in this case the narrator can not know everything so he is non-omniscient narrator. The story written in first person have some functions, for example to convey an impression of reality.
Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 in a Protestant family. He studied in one of the best Dissenting Academies, where he studied subjects such as modern languages.
In 1719 he published the first realistic novel in the world, Robinson Crusoe, it was incredibly successful.
Unfortunately he died in 1731.
Topic
Robinson Crusoe
The Protagonist is a English boy, Robinson, who is a middle class worker. He worked in a ship, like doctor, but during a voyage his ship shipwreck, he was able to arrive swimming in a desert island. Everyday he wrote a diary, where everyday experiences were written for 28 years. After twelve years of solitude, he found a human footprint on the shore. He also found the human bones and flesh left by cannibals. He called this man Friday, Robinson taught him English. as the reading of the Bible. The end of novel is the return of Robinson in England and he discoveries that his plantation in Brazil has prospered and made him very rich.
Puritan
Interpretations
Economic
Robinson is the perfect representation of puritan man, he pray everyday; he is practical, he thanks God for everything. This man is the allegory of puritanism in fact he works, prays
and sleeps.
Social media
Imperialistic
Robinson represents the
self-sufficient man, he is autonomous, he is able to to build a hut and a raft on his own to return to England. The protagonist is not passive, he is the ideal worker. Robinson is intelligent, he is able to overcame every problems.
The relationship between Robinson and Man Friday; Robinson submitted Friday, like England did with Africa, an example is the slaves trade. The colored character calls Robinson "master", this is the subordination of slaves and the supremacy of England.
Novel's technique
Verisimilitude is a technique of writing, that Defoe used to write the novel; it consists of filling the description with detail to make it seem true and real. For example Robinson write a journal diary, full of particular. Even if the story is not realistic the protagonist doesn't say this thing. The novel can be read as a spiritual autobiography where the hero reads the Bible, helps Friday, defeated the difficulties of life. Robinson uses the common sense, this means to have rationality ability. This novel became important because is the mirror of the society at that time.
Samuel Richardson was born in 1689 of a Puritan commercial middle class family. At the age of 32 he opened a printing shop. He started writing "Pamela", "Clarissa" and "Sir Charles Grandison", this are epistolary novel, where Samuel taught women and men how to protect their-selves.
Samuel Richardson
Samuel Richardson
PAMELA
PLOT
Pamela
CHARACTERS LIKE EXAMPLES
Pamela is a servant in Mr B's house; at that time is normal raped the servants. Pamela is astute and Mr B. didn't rape her, for this reason he fallowed in love with Pamela. After many events she accepted the marriage and they god married. She became a respected woman of middle class.
We can speak about Pamela like a positive example for all servants of that time. She is intelligent, astute, he faces up a man and she gets his respect. Pamela is a round character, is practical, passionate, and humble with all. While Mr B. is the typical man of that time, he wants to impose his superiority and treats women as an object, fortunately he changes his behavior, which became more responsible and mature. Even he is a round character.
Aim of the story and style
The writer places himself in the position of an editor, ranging and publishing, without comment, a series of letters. This letters speak about the feelings of Pamela and the happenings. The epistolary novel is more realistic because are told all situations. The purpose of this book is to teach woman how to behave in society. Virginity is the most important thing to have to be considered a dignified woman, and Pamela struggles not to lose her before marriage.
Clarissa Harlowe: the negative example
Clarissa is the negative example of emancipation; in fact she decides to travel with her cousin, Lovelace, she she trusted him. Even during the night in the tavern he enters in Clarissa's room and he raped her. The dignity of Clarissa is lost, she tries to get up but falls into depression and commits suicide. The purpose of this book is that woman mast pay attention in each moment, the trick is is around the corner.
Henry Fielding
Henry
Fielding
Henry Fielding was born into aristocratic family in 1707 and he was educated at Eton public school. He started writing political comedy, but after the censor of 1737, their comedy are censored. After he wrote other novel like "Tom Jones". He died in 1754.
Tom Jones
Tom Jones is an orphan, who is later adopted by Miss Bridgetta near her bed the brother,
Mr Allworthy decides to adopt him and to make him grow up. This boy is very generous and gentleman, he helps the family and so on. But there is an antagonist, his brother Blifil, who is invidious of the relation between Tom and their father, so he organizes a trick and Tom was kicked out of the house. He doesn't anything and he lives in the street without money, like a vagabond, this is the picaresque part of the story. However Blifil was discovered by Mr. Allworthy and Tom came back. Finally he get married his love Sophia, the daughter of the neighbor, was also in love with her but was shamelessly rejected. The and is romantic.
Opinion
Theme and Style
This novel is picaresque, it comes from "La vida de Lazarillo Detormes" a spanish novel. The story was based of Lazarillo, a vagabond who made some adventures. This novel is realistic in fact the protagonist suffers, he presents actions not only emotion, he takes on some adventures. The narrator enters in the story, he comments its, this kind of narrator calls obstructive and he make the people laugh. The tone used is conversational and ironic. We can consider this novel “picaresque” because it offers criticism of the age whose picture it presents. Like Cervantes in his great picaresque novel, Don Quixote, gives a smashing blow to the tradition of chivalry. A similar satirical picture of a corrupt society is presented in Tom Jones.
Tom Jones ridicules folly, vice and weakness of mankind in general.
Jonathan Swift
Jonathan
Swift
Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin of English parents, he was educated there. He went in England during the Revolution in 1688. Sir William Temple encouraged him to write his first satirical novel. In 1726 he wrote "Gulliver's Travels". He died in 1745.
Gulliver's Travels
Gulliver's Travels was printed in London in 1726. It consists of four books, each dealing with the various adventures of ship's surgeon. He is a ship's doctor like Robinson Crusoe. The novel has four settings, each linked to one, the Gulliver's ship is wrecked, he visited four different islands, each with its own rules and social structure, different from each other.
The Islands
2. In the second island, island of Brobdingnag, the situation is reversed, he is the dwarfs, in fact the population is constituted by giants. Gulliver became the pet of king, a sort of company, he is imprisoned. This people were not as organized as the dwarfs. Fortunately he was able to return to England
1. His ship is wrecked somewhere, so he is cast upon the shore of Lilliput. Where there are Lilliputians, dwarfs. Gulliver gradually learns their language, their costumes, and he gains the favor of the king. They are organized, they weren't like English society. After he returns in England.
Lista attività 2
3. Gulliver finds himself on the flying islands of Laputa; the citizens are intellectuals like philosophers and scientists. they use knowledge for useless things, not applicable in practical work based life. the Enlightenment society based on intellectuals, he criticizes them.
4. The last one is the island of Houyhnhnm, horses endowed with reason that rule over the Yahoo, a species of animals similar humans. Gulliver admires the superior of this horses, he is ashamed of the Yahoo. Gulliver refused the humankind.The animals are more intelligent than humans.
Satiric technique & criticism
Topic
Satire describes the reality laughing the important things are exaggeration; like in this case, the horses govern to demonstrate that the society is broken. The key of this technique is the travel, the hero reacts to a new world it is fantastic. In this case there is a constantly change of prospective. It is important the criticism of the society, in fact it is corrupted, based on intellectuals and the real life of middle class is was not considered.
Laurence Sterne
Laurence Sterne was born in 1713. Irish-born English novelist and humorist, author of "The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy", an early novel in which story is subordinate to the free associations and digressions of its narrator. He died in 1768.
Laurence
Sterne
The life and opinions of Tristram Shandy
The title is different from the other novels, because it is a small summary of the novel.
The novel is constituted by 9 books, on the first the parents speak about the idea to have a child. Only in the 4' book it is spoke about the protagonist. This is a characteristic for which we can consider this an anti-novel.
Language gives and create some different suggestions. He used Latin for particular questions and English to describe. The story telling continues by associations. The narrator asks to the readers to interview.
There are a lot of digressions, normally the events have a chronological sequence, Sterne breaks this order. For example he speaks about physical appearance, in return he describe the particular type of nose. The storytelling doesn't follow a cause-effect rapport.