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Chemical
Kinetics
A measure of the change of reactants in a reaction into products of the reaction per a single unit of time
1. By measuring how quickly reactants decrease
2. By measuring how quickly products increase
3. By measuring the volume of the product produced over time (gases)
The rate is greatest at the start, but decreases as the reaction proceeds
The reaction is over when the curve is flat
1. The particles must collide with one another in order to react
2. The particles must have enough energy and speed to break and form new bonds when they collide --> activation energy
The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur --> differs among reactions
3. The particles must have the right orientation and collide at the right angle
4. A collision that results in a reaction is an effective/successful collision
Concentration describes the amount of particles within a solution or mixture
The greater the concentration, the greater the amount of particles that can collide with one another --> greater rate of successful collisions
Temperature is the average kinetic energy of particles determining how fast they move
The greater the temperature, the greater the likelihood that the particles will collide and overcome the activation barrier --> greater rate of successful collisions
Surface area describes the total exposed surface of a solid reactant which can react with the particles in the solution/gas
The greater the surface area exposed, the greater the amount of particles on the surface able to collide with particles within the gas/solution --> greater rate of successful collisions
Catalysts are substances which speed-up (specific) chemical reactions, but remain chemically unchanged throughout the reaction (don't get used up)
Catalysts provide an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy barrier that the particles need to cross to collide successfully --> greater rate of successful collisions
A branch of chemistry that deals with the effects of radiant energy on chemical reactions and corresponding mechanisms
Chemical reactions which obtain energy from light
1. The rate of a photochemical reaction can be controlled by varying intensity of radiation
Most common sources: X-rays, gamma rays, high-pressure mercury lamps
Infrared and microwaves don't produce photochemical effects
2. Photochemical reactions usually occur at high temperatures
The reaction between carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen
1. Carbon dioxide enters plant leaves through the stomata
2. Chlorophyll catalyzes the reaction
3. The water is obtained from the soil via plant roots
4. Sunlight provides energy for the endothermic reaction
5. Glucose is then used by the plant for energy, to build cellulose or growth in general
A redox reaction between grains of silver bromide and sunlight
1. The light entering through the shutter decomposes the silver bromide on the film
2. The film is developed as unreacted silver bromide is washed away