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Postclassical Timeline (600-1450 CE)

by: Helen Barrow

725

1450

0

350

1100

key

East Asia

South & Southeast Asia

Africa

key

Americas

Europe

Dar-al-Islam

Silla Dynasty

57 - 676

silla dynasty

- one of 3 korean kingdoms.

- used a centralized government and social hierarchical system.

- known for magnificient gold crowns = prized art in South-East Asia.

- constant rivalry with Baekje & Gaya. alliance with Tang Dynasty, allowing them to conquer Korean peninsula & unify.

- state also encouraged Buddhism, making it flourish.

visual

Prized gold crown.

Grand Canal

starting being built in 400; connected in 581 - 618

grand canal

- vast waterway system in north-eastern & central-eastern plains of china.

- unified Sui Dynasty & dynasties in the future.

- increased efficiency of communication and transportation of goods such as rice.

visual

map of extent of Grand Canal

Reign of Justinian

527 - 565

reign of Justinian

- known for extensive territorial expansion & successful military powers.

- new synthesis of Greco-Roman and Christian culture in the Byzantine Empire.

- rule was characterized by efforts to strengthen & return empire to its former ancient glory

visual

gold soldius of Justinian

Trans-Saharan Trade Route

used from 600 - 1400

trans - saharan trade route

- network of trade routes crossing the Sahara Desert in Africa; connected Mediterranean coast to West Africa to sub-Saharan region.

- played important role in economic, cultural, & political development of Africa.

- primarly transported gold, ivory, salt, & slaves. major source of cultural & technological exchange.

visual

map of trans-Saharan trade routes

Development of Islam

610

islam

- began in modern-day Mecca.

- Muslims believe Muhammad was final prophet sent by God to reveal faith - angel Gabriel visited him + believe that he continued to recieve revelations from Allah throughtout his life.

- Muhammad began preaching in 613.

- before development of Islam, Hinduism was prominent in South Asia

visual

Kaaba in Mecca - part of Hajj

Tang Dynasty

618 - 907

tang dynasty

- known as golden age of Chinese arts & technology. known for its practice of Buddhism before being shut down by the government.

- its predecessor, the Sui Dynasty, unified north & south China before falling to Li Yuan - founder of Tang Dynasty.

- creation of civil service exam & confucian importance began along with creation of Confucian state schools.

visual

map of Tang Dynasty's location

Taika Reforms in Japan

took place in 645

taika reforms

- prior, it had been patchwork of clans that an imperial court dominated.

- Nakano Oe & Kamatar; builders of reforms that created effective, centralized, imperial government with help from Tang Dynasty through Japanese emmissaries & scholars.

- result: centralized political power, state institutions mirroring China's imperial bureaucracy, & established national landholding & taxation systems.

visual

four heavenly kings from Hakuho - marks rapid expansion of Buddhism across Japan

Umayyad Caliphate

661 - 750

umayyad caliphate

- first muslim dynasty to take title of Caliphate. ruled effectively via:

- firmly established political authority of Caliphate and crushing of rebellions & those who stirred uprisings.

- weakend by internal divisions & civil wars until overthrown by Abbasids

visual

silver coin from reign of Umar

Abbasid Caliphate

750 - 1258

abbasid caliphate

- second of Muslim empires of the caliphate. overthrew Umayyad caliphate and ruled until destroyed by Mongol invasion.

- had conflict with nomadic groups in Central Asia but tolerated Christians & Jews.

- promoted commerce and science

- established Baghdad as capital -> center of learning & Golden Age of Islam. contributed to translation of Greek works to Arabic

- merchants were valued highly during Golden Age because trade was the base of it.

visual

map of Abbasid capital, Baghdad.

Heian Period

794 - 1189

heian peiod

- flourish in Japanese culture

- majority of population worked land, burdened by excessive taxation.

- powerful buereaucrats rose.

- Buddhism continued dominance. sects had become powerful political entities. Confucian & Taoist principles also continued to influence.

- became somewhat isolated but continued some trade with China.

visual

Buddhist painting

Charlemagne

became 1st Holy Roman Emperor in 800

charlemagne

- king of Franks (Carolingians) & Holy Roman Emperor. influential & famous for military success which united most of Western Europe, educational reforms & foundational policies.

- rapidly expanded kingdom & named himself head of Western church. - attempted converting subjects to Christianity..

- leader during brutal Saxon wars & eventually

forced death or Christianity on them.

visual

coronation of Charlemagne

Song Dynasty

960 - 1279

song dynasty

- replaced Tang dynasty; used agriculture, roads & technology from Tang to form large populus & prosperity

- bureaucratic imperial dynasty with meritocracy - usage of civil service exam which was based on knowledge of Confucian teachings. *scholar gentry*

- connected w/ foreign countries from intellectual & cultural syncretism & innovation.

visual

image representing filial piety - belief of Confucianism (main religion of Song Dynasty)

Great Schism

1054

great schism

- the split in the Christian chruch; created denominations Roman Catholic (Europe) & Eastern Orthodox (Greece & Russia).

- started when Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, was excommunicated. came about due to religious disagreements & political conficts.

- church officials were very powerful as they were some of the few who were literate.

visual

map representing which denomination was majority

Crusades

nov. 27, 1095 - 1291

crusades

- caused by religious, political, & social pressures. desire for trade routes in the Middle East. tension between kings & popes.

- youngest sons joined military to revolt (lack of wealth bc primogeniture) & invaded foreign lands.

- Catholic recruited believers to join after hearing of persecution by Seljuk Turks - Orthodox helped retake Holy Land.'

- overall, Crusaders' goal was unsuccessful.

- four wars; Christians won first; lost fourth due to Venetian powers aiding Italy.

visual

image of war

Sultanate of Delhi

1206 - 1526

delhi sultanate

- imposed Jizya (tax on non-muslims)

- some Hindus converted to Islam, others resented.

- never created an organized efficient bureaucracy = difficulty imposing policies in a diverse land.

- defeated a Mongol invasion but fell to attacks by Tamerlane.

visual

map of Delhi Sultanate

Mongol State

developed in 1206

mongols

- nomadic group in Gobi Desert in East Asia - harsh climate shaped culture. expectation of hunters & warriors. envied luxury goods.

- led by Genghis Khan -> created tribal alliances, built power, ruthless, strong war strategies, killed instinctly, utilized conquered peoples & weapons.

- largest continuous land empire, revitalized interregional trade (silk roads), cultural exchange, transmitted plague

visual

height of Mongol expansion & invasion

Magna Carta

written in 1215

magna carta

- signed by King John.

- states that king must respect certain rights, right to jury trial, scutage, and limited king's power.

- written by barons in attempt to protect their rights & property against tyrannical king.

- inspired American Revolution rights of colonists.

visual

image of Magna Carta document

Sundiata's Reign

1235 - 1255

sundiata's reign

- founded Mali Empire as Ghana weakened via wars in 1100s. Mali became a trading society. he laid foundations for future prosperity & political unity

- Muslim ruler who used faith connections to establish trade with North Africa & Arabs.

- caused thriving gold trade

- wealth grew tremendously.

visual

Sundiata portrait, statue, & map of empire

Marco Polo makes contact with Kublai Khan (Yuan)

1271 - 1275

marco polo & yuan dynasty

- Marco Polo traveled and wrote of his experiences

- at height of Mongol Empire, Marco Polo served Kublai Khan (emperor in China), then returned to Venice to write of his experiences.

- gave Europeans some of earliest information about China

visual

Marco Polo interacted and standing before Kublai Khan

Aztec Civilization

1300 - 1521

aztecs

- capital = Tenochtitlan -> an island with a swampy lake which protects from attacks.

- created large aqueduct networks, irrigation with ditches and chinampas

- conquered peoples had to pay tribute, surrender land & contribute military service in return for protection -> allowed for political dominance.

- officials of city-states collected tribute

- utilized theocracy (leader was religious & divine representative of gods). worship consisted of feasts, sacrifices, & rituals.

- had social hierarchy

visual

map of rule of Aztecs

Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage

1324

mansa musa

- emperor of Mali, related to Sundiata

- set out on pilgrimage to Mecca; brought awareness to the world of the wealth of Mali. he traveled with lots of wealth & riches.

- journey stimulated desire of Muslim kingdoms & Europeans to reach Mali, the source of the wealth.

- brought Arab scholars, government bureaucrats & architects to introduce advancements to Mali

visual

depiction of pilgrimage

Tamerlane

1336 - 1405

tamerlane

- conqueror known for being a great military leader & strategist.

- founded Timurid Empire in 1370.

- member of Mongol Empire, more specifically the subgroup of the Turkicized Barlas Tribe.

- invaded India with a motive that the Muslim Delhi sultans were being overly tolerant of Hidu subjects.

- attacked Mamluk sultan of Egypt & Ottoman sultan for seizing his territories.

visual

statue of Timur/Tamerlane

Hundred Year's War

1337 - 1453

hundred year's war

- political conflicts between the two countries caused the wars.

- Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, believed she was acting out of divine guidance led French army to victory in one war.

- war between England & France that ultimately resulted in unity on each side & demonstrated a spread of gunpowder by the Mongols.

visual

image of war

Bubonic Plague

began in October of 1347

- a ship arrived in Europe with rats which brought the Black Death.

- wiped out nearly a third of Europe's population.

- Mongol's expansion of trade and conquering of states added to the transfer of disease.

- burning of Jews due to accused poisoning Christians wells.

bubonic plague

visual

plague doctor mask & appearance

Zheng He's Exploration

1405 - 1433

zheng he

- Chinese explorer who helped with the want of the country to spread its influence & dominance

- made seven voyages in the Indian Ocean to display the Ming Dynasty's might & receive tribute

- stopped piracte activites, created new markets, introduced exotic treasures, made inspiration for immigration, & created controversy with Confucians

visual

map depicting where Zheng He explored

Incan Civilization

1438 - 1533

inca

- consisted of four provinces, all with their own governor & bureaucracy in Andes region

- utilized mit'a system - use of conquered people for public service (instead of tribute like aztecs). mit'a system led to good roads.

- religion: prioritized honoring the sun & royal ancestor veneration, continuous rule for those who are deceased (which helped motivate expansion), high importance of priests, animism

visual

Machu Picchu

Capture of Constantinople

May 29, 1453

Ottomans capture Constantinople

- Ottoman Empire captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire led by Sultan Mehmed II. signaled the end of Byzantine Empire.

- removed powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion (by Muslims), allowed for easier Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe, and cannons were used (spread of gunpowder).

visual

depiction of conquering of Constantinople

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