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Dar-al-Islam
57 - 676
- one of 3 korean kingdoms.
- used a centralized government and social hierarchical system.
- known for magnificient gold crowns = prized art in South-East Asia.
- constant rivalry with Baekje & Gaya. alliance with Tang Dynasty, allowing them to conquer Korean peninsula & unify.
- state also encouraged Buddhism, making it flourish.
Prized gold crown.
starting being built in 400; connected in 581 - 618
- vast waterway system in north-eastern & central-eastern plains of china.
- unified Sui Dynasty & dynasties in the future.
- increased efficiency of communication and transportation of goods such as rice.
map of extent of Grand Canal
527 - 565
- known for extensive territorial expansion & successful military powers.
- new synthesis of Greco-Roman and Christian culture in the Byzantine Empire.
- rule was characterized by efforts to strengthen & return empire to its former ancient glory
gold soldius of Justinian
used from 600 - 1400
- network of trade routes crossing the Sahara Desert in Africa; connected Mediterranean coast to West Africa to sub-Saharan region.
- played important role in economic, cultural, & political development of Africa.
- primarly transported gold, ivory, salt, & slaves. major source of cultural & technological exchange.
map of trans-Saharan trade routes
610
- began in modern-day Mecca.
- Muslims believe Muhammad was final prophet sent by God to reveal faith - angel Gabriel visited him + believe that he continued to recieve revelations from Allah throughtout his life.
- Muhammad began preaching in 613.
- before development of Islam, Hinduism was prominent in South Asia
Kaaba in Mecca - part of Hajj
618 - 907
- known as golden age of Chinese arts & technology. known for its practice of Buddhism before being shut down by the government.
- its predecessor, the Sui Dynasty, unified north & south China before falling to Li Yuan - founder of Tang Dynasty.
- creation of civil service exam & confucian importance began along with creation of Confucian state schools.
map of Tang Dynasty's location
took place in 645
- prior, it had been patchwork of clans that an imperial court dominated.
- Nakano Oe & Kamatar; builders of reforms that created effective, centralized, imperial government with help from Tang Dynasty through Japanese emmissaries & scholars.
- result: centralized political power, state institutions mirroring China's imperial bureaucracy, & established national landholding & taxation systems.
four heavenly kings from Hakuho - marks rapid expansion of Buddhism across Japan
661 - 750
- first muslim dynasty to take title of Caliphate. ruled effectively via:
- firmly established political authority of Caliphate and crushing of rebellions & those who stirred uprisings.
- weakend by internal divisions & civil wars until overthrown by Abbasids
silver coin from reign of Umar
750 - 1258
- second of Muslim empires of the caliphate. overthrew Umayyad caliphate and ruled until destroyed by Mongol invasion.
- had conflict with nomadic groups in Central Asia but tolerated Christians & Jews.
- promoted commerce and science
- established Baghdad as capital -> center of learning & Golden Age of Islam. contributed to translation of Greek works to Arabic
- merchants were valued highly during Golden Age because trade was the base of it.
map of Abbasid capital, Baghdad.
794 - 1189
- flourish in Japanese culture
- majority of population worked land, burdened by excessive taxation.
- powerful buereaucrats rose.
- Buddhism continued dominance. sects had become powerful political entities. Confucian & Taoist principles also continued to influence.
- became somewhat isolated but continued some trade with China.
Buddhist painting
became 1st Holy Roman Emperor in 800
- king of Franks (Carolingians) & Holy Roman Emperor. influential & famous for military success which united most of Western Europe, educational reforms & foundational policies.
- rapidly expanded kingdom & named himself head of Western church. - attempted converting subjects to Christianity..
- leader during brutal Saxon wars & eventually
forced death or Christianity on them.
coronation of Charlemagne
960 - 1279
- replaced Tang dynasty; used agriculture, roads & technology from Tang to form large populus & prosperity
- bureaucratic imperial dynasty with meritocracy - usage of civil service exam which was based on knowledge of Confucian teachings. *scholar gentry*
- connected w/ foreign countries from intellectual & cultural syncretism & innovation.
image representing filial piety - belief of Confucianism (main religion of Song Dynasty)
1054
- the split in the Christian chruch; created denominations Roman Catholic (Europe) & Eastern Orthodox (Greece & Russia).
- started when Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, was excommunicated. came about due to religious disagreements & political conficts.
- church officials were very powerful as they were some of the few who were literate.
map representing which denomination was majority
nov. 27, 1095 - 1291
- caused by religious, political, & social pressures. desire for trade routes in the Middle East. tension between kings & popes.
- youngest sons joined military to revolt (lack of wealth bc primogeniture) & invaded foreign lands.
- Catholic recruited believers to join after hearing of persecution by Seljuk Turks - Orthodox helped retake Holy Land.'
- overall, Crusaders' goal was unsuccessful.
- four wars; Christians won first; lost fourth due to Venetian powers aiding Italy.
image of war
1206 - 1526
- imposed Jizya (tax on non-muslims)
- some Hindus converted to Islam, others resented.
- never created an organized efficient bureaucracy = difficulty imposing policies in a diverse land.
- defeated a Mongol invasion but fell to attacks by Tamerlane.
map of Delhi Sultanate
developed in 1206
- nomadic group in Gobi Desert in East Asia - harsh climate shaped culture. expectation of hunters & warriors. envied luxury goods.
- led by Genghis Khan -> created tribal alliances, built power, ruthless, strong war strategies, killed instinctly, utilized conquered peoples & weapons.
- largest continuous land empire, revitalized interregional trade (silk roads), cultural exchange, transmitted plague
height of Mongol expansion & invasion
written in 1215
- signed by King John.
- states that king must respect certain rights, right to jury trial, scutage, and limited king's power.
- written by barons in attempt to protect their rights & property against tyrannical king.
- inspired American Revolution rights of colonists.
image of Magna Carta document
1235 - 1255
- founded Mali Empire as Ghana weakened via wars in 1100s. Mali became a trading society. he laid foundations for future prosperity & political unity
- Muslim ruler who used faith connections to establish trade with North Africa & Arabs.
- caused thriving gold trade
- wealth grew tremendously.
Sundiata portrait, statue, & map of empire
1271 - 1275
- Marco Polo traveled and wrote of his experiences
- at height of Mongol Empire, Marco Polo served Kublai Khan (emperor in China), then returned to Venice to write of his experiences.
- gave Europeans some of earliest information about China
Marco Polo interacted and standing before Kublai Khan
1300 - 1521
- capital = Tenochtitlan -> an island with a swampy lake which protects from attacks.
- created large aqueduct networks, irrigation with ditches and chinampas
- conquered peoples had to pay tribute, surrender land & contribute military service in return for protection -> allowed for political dominance.
- officials of city-states collected tribute
- utilized theocracy (leader was religious & divine representative of gods). worship consisted of feasts, sacrifices, & rituals.
- had social hierarchy
map of rule of Aztecs
1324
- emperor of Mali, related to Sundiata
- set out on pilgrimage to Mecca; brought awareness to the world of the wealth of Mali. he traveled with lots of wealth & riches.
- journey stimulated desire of Muslim kingdoms & Europeans to reach Mali, the source of the wealth.
- brought Arab scholars, government bureaucrats & architects to introduce advancements to Mali
depiction of pilgrimage
1336 - 1405
- conqueror known for being a great military leader & strategist.
- founded Timurid Empire in 1370.
- member of Mongol Empire, more specifically the subgroup of the Turkicized Barlas Tribe.
- invaded India with a motive that the Muslim Delhi sultans were being overly tolerant of Hidu subjects.
- attacked Mamluk sultan of Egypt & Ottoman sultan for seizing his territories.
statue of Timur/Tamerlane
1337 - 1453
- political conflicts between the two countries caused the wars.
- Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, believed she was acting out of divine guidance led French army to victory in one war.
- war between England & France that ultimately resulted in unity on each side & demonstrated a spread of gunpowder by the Mongols.
image of war
began in October of 1347
- a ship arrived in Europe with rats which brought the Black Death.
- wiped out nearly a third of Europe's population.
- Mongol's expansion of trade and conquering of states added to the transfer of disease.
- burning of Jews due to accused poisoning Christians wells.
plague doctor mask & appearance
1405 - 1433
- Chinese explorer who helped with the want of the country to spread its influence & dominance
- made seven voyages in the Indian Ocean to display the Ming Dynasty's might & receive tribute
- stopped piracte activites, created new markets, introduced exotic treasures, made inspiration for immigration, & created controversy with Confucians
map depicting where Zheng He explored
1438 - 1533
- consisted of four provinces, all with their own governor & bureaucracy in Andes region
- utilized mit'a system - use of conquered people for public service (instead of tribute like aztecs). mit'a system led to good roads.
- religion: prioritized honoring the sun & royal ancestor veneration, continuous rule for those who are deceased (which helped motivate expansion), high importance of priests, animism
Machu Picchu
May 29, 1453
- Ottoman Empire captured the capital of the Byzantine Empire led by Sultan Mehmed II. signaled the end of Byzantine Empire.
- removed powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion (by Muslims), allowed for easier Ottoman expansion into eastern Europe, and cannons were used (spread of gunpowder).
depiction of conquering of Constantinople