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electric car project
52
Electric Vehicle
Make It Green
Project Info
Electric vehicle
Intro
Supervised by
Dr. Tarek Abd Elhamid
power electrical engineering department
Prepared
By
Prepared by
Yousef Shaker Elsayed
Yousef Abdelnasser Yousef
Nasr Reda Gouda
Mahmoud Mohamed Abdelrahman
Abdelhalem Mostafa Abdelhalim
Ahmad Abdelmoemen
OutLines
- History Of Electric Vehicles
- Electric-Drive Vehicles
- Types Of Motors Used In Electric Vehicles
- Battery
- Renewable Energy
- Exprimental Work
History and Future
History Of Electric Vehicles
first electric car
"1832-1839"
Scottish inventor Robert Anderson invents the first crude electric carriage powered by non rechargeable primary cells.
Important Dates
Thomas Edison and an electric car. Courtesy of the Smithsonian 1893.
second
"2006"
Tesla Motors publicly unveils the ultra-sporty Tesla Roadster at the San Francisco International Auto Show in November. The first production Roadsters will be sold in 2008 with a base price listing of $98,950.
tesla
Advantages
Advantages
1-No Gas Required
2-Cost Effective and Savings
3-No Emissions and Reduced Noise Pollution
4-Popularity
5-Safe to Drive
6-Low Maintenance
Disadvantages
Disadvantages
- Recharge stations
- Electricity isn’t Free
- Short Driving Range and Speed
- Longer Recharge Time
- Silence as Disadvantage
- Normally 2 Seaters
- Battery Replacement
- Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power
Outlines
Types of
Electric Vehicles
- Electric-drive vehicles use electricity as their primary fuel or to improve the efficiency of
- conventional vehicle designs. These vehicles can be divided into three categories:
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors.
The electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or climbing hills. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions, where internal combustion engines are least efficient.
Regenerative Braking is used to recharge batteries during braking
Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Hybrid
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) offer a choice of fuels. PHEVs have both an internal combustion engine and electric motor. These vehicles are powered by an alternative fuel or a conventional fuel, such as gasoline (petrol), and a battery, which is charged up with electricity by plugging into an electrical outlet or charging station.
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
PHEVs
Series PHEVs
Series PHEVs, Only the electric motor turns the wheels; the gasoline engine only generates electricity. Series PHEVs can run solely on electricity until the battery needs recharging. The gasoline engine will then generate the electricity needed to power the electric motor. For shorter trips, these vehicles might use no gasoline at all.
Parallel PHEVs
Both the engine and electric motor are mechanically connected to the wheels, and both propel the vehicle under most driving conditions. Electric-only operation usually occurs only at low speeds.
HEV &PHEV
battery Electric Vehicles
battery electric vehicles (BEVs), are propelled by an electric motor (or motors) powered by rechargeable battery packs. No other fuel source is used, and there is no internal combustion engine (ICE). EVs require battery charging to power the motor.
battery-electric vehicles BENEFITS.
2
Energy-efficient driving. Electric motors convert 75% of the chemical energy from the batteries to power the wheels, while ICEs only convert 20% of the energy stored in gasoline.
Environmentally friendly driving.
Electric motors provide quiet.
stronger acceleration.
requiring less maintenance than ICEs.
battery-electric vehicles disadvantages
Driving range.
Charge time.
Battery cost.
3
battery-electric vehicles
4
Cost
cost
Electric-drive vehicles are generally more expensive than their conventional counterparts. However, lower fueling and maintenance costs can make them a competitive option.
- Charging stations provide electricity to charge the batteries of PEVs. The charging unit communicates with the vehicle to ensure that it supplies an appropriate and safe flow of electricity.
- Charging times range from less than 20 minutes to 20 hours or more, based on the type or level of charging; the type of battery, its capacity, and how depleted it is; and the size of the vehicle’s internal charger.
- Charging units can be installed in residential, fleet, workplace, and public stations.
Fuel Up
Electric-drive vehicles are generally more expensive than their conventional counterparts.
However, lower fueling and maintenance costs can make them a competitive option
Fuel Cost
fuel cost
- Fuel costs for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs are lower than those for similar conven tional vehicles. Electric drivetrains are mechanically more efficient than internal combustion engines; EVs convert about 59%–62% of the electric energy from the grid to power at the wheels, while conventional gasoline vehicles only convert about 17%–21% of the energy stored in gasoline to power at the wheels.
- HEVs and PHEVs use significantly less gasoline or diesel fuel than their conventional counterparts, and the more electricity a PHEV uses, the lower its fuel costs.
- electricity prices are less volatile than gasoline and diesel fuel prices.
Emissions Compare With Those of Conventional Vehicles
HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs typically produce lower levels of emissions than conventional vehicles. HEV emissions benefits vary by vehicle model and type of hybrid power system. EVs produce zero tailpipe emissions, and PHEVs produce no tailpipe emissions when in electric-only mode.
comparison
Introduction
- Various types of Electric Motors used in Electric Vehicles
- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
- Three Phase AC Induction Motors
- Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
- Controller and Driver Function
Types Of Motors Used In Electric Vehicles
Various types of Electric Motors used in Electric Vehicles
VARIOUS TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS USED IN
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. DC Series Motor
2. Brushless DC Motor
3. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
4. Three Phase AC Induction Motors
1-DC Series Motor
High starting torque capability of the DC Series motor makes it a suitable option for traction application. It was the most widely used motor for traction application in the early 1900s. The advantages of this motor are easy speed control and it can also withstand a sudden increase in load. All these characteristics make it an ideal traction motor. The main drawback of DC series motor is high maintenance due to brushes and commutators.
Brushless DC Motors
It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless because it does not have the commutator and brush arrangement. The commutation is done electronically in this motor because of this BLDC motors are maintenance free.BLDC motors have traction characteristics like high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%. The BLDC motors are the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle application due to its traction characteristics.
This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which has permanent magnets on the rotor. Similar to BLDC motors these motors also have traction characteristics like high power density and high efficiency. The difference is that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas BLDC has trapezoidal back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are available for higher power ratings.
PMSM is the best choice for high performance applications like cars, buses.
PMSM
The induction motors do not have a high starting toque like DC series motors under fixed voltage and fixed frequency operation. But this characteristic can be altered by using various control techniques like FOC or v/f methods. By using these control methods, the maximum torque is made available at the starting of the motor which is suitable for traction application Squirrel cage induction motors have a long life due to less maintenance. Induction motors can be designed up to an efficiency of 92-95%.
The drawback of an induction motor is that it requires complex inverter circuit and control of the motor is difficult.
3PH Induction Motors
Control OF DC MOTOR
1.CONTROL OF the speed of DC MOTOR
2. Control of the direction of DC Motor
Controller and Driver Function
1.
1.CONTROL OF the speed of DC MOTOR
The speed of a DC motor can be controlled in two ways:
1.By varying the flux, and by varying the current through field winding
2.By varying the armature voltage, and by varying the armature resistance
1. Flux Control Method
This can be achieved by using a variable resistor in a series with the field winding resistor
Initially, when the variable resistor is kept at its minimum position, the rated current flows through the field winding due to a rated supply voltage, and as a result, the speed is kept normal. When the resistance is increased gradually, the current through the field winding decreases. This in turn decreases the flux produced. Thus, the speed of the motor increases beyond its normal value.
2. Armature Control Method
With this method, the speed of the DC motor can be controlled by controlling the armature resistance to control the voltage drop across the armature. This method also uses a variable resistor in series with the armature.
When the variable resistor reaches its minimum value, the armature resistance is at normal one, and therefore, the armature voltage drops. When the resistance value is gradually increased, the voltage across the armature decreases. This in turn leads to decrease in the speed of the motor.
This method achieves the speed of the motor below its normal range.
Control of the direction of DC Motor
Connecting the +ve of the motor to the +ve and –ve of the motor to the -ve of supply and it moves in the Counter-clockwise direction and when we reverse the connection, it moves in the opposite direction i.e. in the clockwise direction. The key here is The Polarity and the flow of direction of current!
2. H-BRIDGE FOR DIRECTION CONTROL
The basic operating mode of an H-bridge is fairly simple: if Q1 and Q4 are turned on, the left lead of the motor will be connected to the power supply, while the right lead is connected to ground. Current starts flowing through the motor which energizes the motor in i.e. the forward direction and the motor shaft starts spinning. If Q2 and Q3 are turned on, the reverse will happen, the motor gets energized in the reverse direction and the shaft will start spinning backwards.
Four Quadrant Operation of DC Motor
Battery
Batteries
• All vehicle electrical systems require power
• even electric starters would have no way to energize
Car Batteries Are Made
Car Batteries Are Made
- Car batteries are energy storage devices, storing their energy in chemical form.
Care for Car Batteries
- There are three main ways to kill car batteries: heat, vibration, and discharging.
Care for Car Batteries
The Battery Life Cycle
Today’s car batteries typically last 4 to 7 years, depending on climate, use, and care
The Battery Life Cycle
1- Lead-acid
Flooded lead-acid batteries are the cheapest and in past most common traction batteries available
Types of batteries
2-Nickel metal hydride
Nickel-metal hydride batteries have less efficient in charging and discharging than even lead-acid but can have long lives
2
3-Zebra
The sodium nickel chloride or "Zebra" battery uses a molten sodium chloroaluminate
3
4- Lithium-ion
Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used for portable electronics and electric vehicles.
4
Charging
Charging
Batteries in BEVs must be periodically recharged. BEVs most commonly charge from the power grid
Charging time
Electric cars like Tesla Model S, Renault Zoe, BMW i3, etc. can recharge their batteries at
quick charging stations within 30 minutes to 80 percent.
Recharging time
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Resources
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
The energy resources which can be used to produce again and again are known as renewable energy resources.
Renewable energy
1- Solar energy
2- Wind energy
3- Ocean thermal
4- Geothermal energy
1-Solar energy
1- Solar energy is the energy, the earth receives from the sun, primarily as visible light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
2- Solar energy can be converted into electrical energy by using solar plates.
Examples:
1- Solar cooker
2- Solar heater
3- Solar call
1- Solar energy
Solar cooker
2
Solar heater
3
Solar cell
4
Advantages:
1- Solar energy doesn’t produce carbon dioxide.
2- It does not affect our environment.
Disadvantages:
It is not constant, it depend on whether condition, time and location.
Adv
dis adv
Wind energy
1- Wind power is good renewable, clean and free source of energy for power production.
2- Reduce dependence on fossil fuels including imported oils.
3- Reduce emission of greenhouse gas and other pollutant.
2-wind energy
Ocean thermal energy
1- The oceans cover 75% of the world surface.
2- It is the largest renewable energy source available to contribute to the security of energy supply reduce greenhouse gases emission.
3-OCEAN THERMAL
THE OCEAN CONTAIN TWO TYPE OF ENERGY
2
1- Ocean thermal energy conversion from the sun’s heat.
2- Mechanical energy from tides and waves.
Geothermal Development
1- Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth It's clean.
2- Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock.
3
Biomass or biogas energy
Biomass is a renewable source of fuel to produce energy.
Because:
Waste residues will always exist – in terms of scrap wood, mill residuals and forest resources; and properly managed forests will always have more trees, and we will always have crops and the residual biological matter from those crops.
Biomass
WHY WE NEED ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
1- Fossil fuels won’t last forever.
2- Renewables provide new jobs.
3- Our country will be less dependent on other for fuel.
Environmental reasons:
Renewable will decrease air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
DO YOU KNOW? – FOSSIL FUELS CURRENTLY SUPPLY 80% OF THE WORLDS ENERGY BUT RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IS REPADILY GROWING.
inquiry
Egypt Could Generate More Than Half of Its Electricity Needs from Renewable Energy
According to a new report from the International Renewable Energy Agency, Egypt has the potential to generate 53% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2030 and could reduce its energy bill by up to $900 million annually
1-The Mechanical part
Experimental Work
1-Motor Selection
2-Electrical Design
The weight of the vehicle body as whole is approximately 10 Kg.-
-Height and width of vehicle are .35 m and .40 m respectively.
-The diameter of chosen wheels is .18 m.
-The maximum speed of the vehicle should not exceed 300 m/min
A
A-Calculating max speed in rpm
speed=300 meter/min
diameter=.18 m , r=.09 m
Max speed in RPM= 300/2*pi*r = 530 rpm
B
Calculating the motor Power
B
i
i-Fr is Rolling resistance due to the contact of tires with road.
Fr= Crr * m * g
where:
Crr : is the coefficient of rolling resistance = .012 at good surface.
m : mass in kg =10 kg
g : acceleration due to gravity =9.81m/s^2.
so Fr = .012*10*9.81=1.177 N
Fd "Air resistance force"
j
Fg "Force due to gradient resistance."
K
Hence we need 10w or more motor.
C-Calculating the motor max Torque
c
Motor Datasheet
After these calculations, we have summed the most 3 important motor specification:
1-Maximum Speed is 300 meter/min.
2- Power rating is 10 W or more.
3- Maximum torque the motor can carry is 1.125 N.m or more.
Referring to these values, we have chosen the following motor
rs 550 dc series motor 12v 5:100 watt
Tmax= 47.8 mN.m and speed= 16130 r/m
by Using gearbox on motor shaft with 1:30 ratio
Tmax will be =1.434 N.m , more than required
and speed= 537.66 r/m = 304 meter/min.
cont.
Servo selection
3-Servo selection
When designer use servo motor for changing direction "right and left" In small cars which controlled remotely, the servo max torque is taken as half torque of main motor or more
so we have chosen the following servo
- Revolution : 0~180 degree
- 4.8 V,1200 mAh ~ 6 v,1500 mAh
- T=15 kg.cm approx equal 1.5 N.m
from data sheet of motor ,max current for motor is 8.97 A
so we choose dc motor driver which is 30 A peak and 14 A practical continuous, and we used arduino for control servo motor.