Human Development Timeline

Sensorimotor Stage

Occurs from birth to two years

S6 - Early Representational Thought

S4 - Coordination Of Reactions

S2 - Primary Circular Reaction

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 1

child coordinates sensation repeating pleasurable reactions such as sucking thumbs

child starts to show clearly intentional actions to achieve a desired effect, such as shaking a rattle to make sounds

S3 - Secondary Circular Reaction

S5 - Tertiary Circular Reactions

S1 - Reflexes

child moves towards understanding the work through mental operations rather than purely through actions

child becomes more focused on the world and intentionally repeats an action

child understands the environment through sucking and looking

child begins a period of trial-and-error experimentation, such as trying different actions to get attention of caregiver

18-24 m

8-12 m

4-8 m

1-4 m

12-18 m

0-1 m

Preoperational Stage

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 2

• occurs between the age of 2 and 7
• involves demonstrating intelligence through use of symbols, using matured language, and developing memory and imagination

Concrete operational stage

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 3

• occurs between the age of 7 and 11 years
• involves children demonstrating a more logical thought process
• child has the ability to develop logical thought about an object

Formal opertaional stage

Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development 4

• occurs between the age of 11 and 16 years
• involves adolescents learning how to think more abstractly to solve problems
• when faced with a complex problem, the adolescents speculates about all possible solutions

Infancy Stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 1

• occurs from birth to 18 months
• deals with learning basic trust vs basic mistrusts
• has the basic virtue of hope
• infants need balance between trust and mistrust
• involves infants looking towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care

Early Childhood Stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 2

• occurs from 18 months to 3 years
• deals with learning about autonomy vs shame
• has the basic virtue of hope
• involves children building self-esteem & autonomy as they learns new skills and right from wrong
• involves allowing children to make their own choices and decisions

Preschool stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 3

• occurs from ages three to five years
• deals with learning initiative vs guilt
• has the basic virtue of purpose
• involves children regularly interacting with other children
• involves children developing initiative while developing their self-concept

School-age stage

• occurs from ages six to 12 years
• deals with learning industry vs inferiority
• has the basic virtue of competence
• is often called the latency stage
• involves children learning, creating, and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge
• developing a sense of industry
• is considered an extremely social stage of development in which teachers and peers play an important role

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 4

Adolescent stage

• occurs from ages 12 to 18 years
• deals with learning identity vs role confusion
• has the basic virtue of fidelity
• focuses on exploring independence
• in order to develop a sense of self
• involves individuals exploring possibilities forming their own identity and learning the roles he or she will hold as an adult
• includes the importance of encouraging personal exploration

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 5

Young adult stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 6

• occurs from ages 18 to 35 years
• deals with learning intimacy and solidarity vs isolation
• has the basic virtue of love
• involves individuals seeking companionship and love
• involves the need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people

Middle-aged adult stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 7

• occurs from ages 40 to 65 years
• deals with learning generativity vs stagnation
• has the basic virtue of care
• focuses on career and family
• time when individuals can take on greater responsibility and control
• involves working to establish stability

Late adult stage

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 8

• occurs over the age of 65
• deals with learning integrity vs despair
• has the basic virtue of wisdom
• focuses on looking back on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment
• involves reflection of accomplishments

L1 - Pre-conventional morality

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 1

• applies to younger children
• do not have a personal code of morality & code is shaped by adults
• S1 - OBEDIENCE & PUNISHMENT: individuals gain motivation to avoid punishment and may lack independent moral reasoning
• S1 - INDIVIDUALISM & EXCHANGE: individuals are focused on fulfilling self-interests, while acknowledging different views

L2 - conventional morality

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 2

• applies to adolescents and adults
• which begin to adopt the moral standards of adult role models
• S3 - GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS: individuals emphasize the importance of being kind to others and engaging in good behavior
• S4 -LAW & ORDER: individuals become more aware of and obey rules of society in order to uphold a law

L3 - Post-conventional morality

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 3

• applies to adults
• principles and morals are based on individual rights and justice
• S5 - SOCIAL CONTRACT & INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS: individuals focus on doing what is best for society and respecting individual rights
• S6 - UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE: individuals have developed their own set of moral guidelines and are prepared to defend these principles

Oral stage (0-1 Y)

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytical Development 1

• children derive pleasure from oral activities, including sucking and tasting and puttting things in their mouth

Anal stage (2-3 Y)

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytical Development 2

• children begin potty training

Phallic stage (3-6 Y)

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytical Development 3

• boys are more attached to their mother, while girls are more attached to their father

latency stage (6 Y - puberty)

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytical Development 4

• chlildren spend more time and interact with mostly same sex peers

Genital stage (beyond puberty)

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychoanalytical Development 5

• individuals are attracted to aopposite sex peers