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The Canadian Government's Impact on Indigenous People's Wellbeing

Kelly-Anne Gabriel, Nirmala Khedoo, Abbey Treanor, Ali Zaidi

Problem

Background

  • Indigenous community struggling with repercussions of the government's past
  • Residential Schools (1831-1998)(Government of Canada, 2021)
  • Missing children (Government of Canada, 2021)
  • Missing & murdered Indigenous women (García-DelMoral, 2018)
  • Poor living conditions (Hossain & Lamb, 2019)
  • Socio-economic gaps

Thesis

Issues of conformity and assimilation of the Indigenous people have continuously resulted in a negative impact to their psychological well-being; this is seen through their current living conditions, their challenges in obtaining security of food and employment, and insufficient aid from the Government of Canada.

Argument Topics

Arguments

Living Conditions and Discrimination

Although significant changes have been made in the 21st century the Canadian Government has still not taken enough action in ensuring that indigenous communities have a safe environment to live in. Their communities suffer from improper medical care and when available to health care in larger communities they are faced with discrimination. Indigenous communities still suffer from contaminated water and when they are talked about in media coverages, they spread false information including discrimination, racism, and stereotyping.

Access to Health Care and Prejudice Treatment

-Nursing stations with high turnover rates due to medical professionals being brought out to the locations.

-Urban medical centers are hard to access for those in remote locations due to distance and weather conditions.

-Non-remote Indigenous communities have easier access to health but are faced with prejudice.

-Many Indigenous people reported that when seeking treatment for TB they are left with misdiagnosis.

-The Canadian Government is responsible for making sure that health care professionals follow the Hippocratic Oath and should set consequences for those who don't.

Contaminated Water and Discrimination in the Media

-Walkerton, Ontario, a predominantly white town. In 2000 there was E. Coli contamination in the drinking water. Killed 7 people, left many ill.

-Kashechewan, Ontario Cree community. In 2005 there was E. Coli contamination in the drinking water. Zero deaths.

-Very similar cases. Both had harmful drainage that contaminated the water. The chlorination malfunctioned and the back did not work. Both water operators did not have complete training.

-The news coverage for Walkerton water operator is described as responsible for his actions.

-The news coverage for Kashechewan water operator is described as infantile and incapable.

-The Canadian Government allowing prejudicial judgment in the media goes against all actions they have been trying to take to gain trust in the indigenous communities again.

Economic Insecurity and Psychological Stress Among Indigenous Canadians

Food and Job Insecurity

(Hossain & Lamb, 2019)

  • Economic insecurity - large role in Indigenous people's wellbeing

  • Patterns
  • People with poorer health - most likely lowest levels of wellbeing

What Does

This Mean?

Additional Information (Statistics Canada, 2019)

  • The Indigenous community is more likely to endure
  • Socio-economic consequences
  • Poverty
  • Food insecurity
  • Inabilities to cover unexpected expenses

The government does not provide indigenous people with sufficient aid, this is illustrated in the journal articles:

"Water Insecurity in Ontario First Nations: An Exploratory Study on Past Interventions and the Need for Indigenous Water Governance" which focuses on the clean water problem in indigenous communities, and "Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness in two Canadian cities: A retrospective analysis and implications for culturally informed action" which expand upon homelessness among Indigenous people

Insufficient aid from the Government

According to the scholarly article "Water Insecurity in Ontario First Nations: An Exploratory Study on Past Interventions and the Need for Indigenous Water Governance"

  • Communities that do have access to clean drinking water are barely able to keep up with the operation and maintenance cost of the water systems
  • Communities that were still waiting to have their water systems repaired by ISC have now been told there will be a delay because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Drinking Water

Homelessness

The study "Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness in two Canadian cities: A retrospective analysis and implications for culturally informed action" indicates that:

  • Indigenous people are more likely to experience homelessness at a younger age, for longer periods of time, and obtain less formal education as compared to non-indigenous people
  • In contrast to that, non-Indigenous people showed stronger signs of being better taken care of in terms of appropriate housing and assertive community treatment, as promised by government
  • The difference demonstrates that the government does possess the ability and capital to help indigenous people more effectively, but lacks the sufficient amount of effort.

Positive Impacts of the Canadian Government

Opposing Side

Financial Aid

Government Support and Aid

Funding

  • in the next 5 years the government is putting just over 25 billion dollars towards bettering the lives of indigenous people

  • mental health facilities
  • medical care and jobs (ie. nurses and facilities)
  • agricultural
  • bettering fresh running water
  • family services programs
  • bettering wealth by improving access to business opportunities
  • supporting post secondary opportunities
  • infrastructure of reserves
  • enhance support for Indigenous women's and 2SLGBTQQIA+

(Canada, 2021)

Living Conditions on the Reserve

Living Conditions

(Neidhart, 2017)

  • Living conditions on reserves can be equal to other places around Canada off reserves

  • 28%-34% of shelter users are Indigenous

  • Hawkesbury, Ontario

  • Brooks, Alberta

  • Many places in Canada that have same issues

(Canadian Mortgages Inc., 2018)

Food and Security

  • Taxes

  • still often hunt for food

  • the government has lots of funds for indigenous people as well as continuing to fund

  • entrepreneur opportunities being enhanced on reserves

  • government putting forth 1 billion dollars for family services and security

Food and job Security

(Canada, 2021)

What's Next?

Conclusion/ Solutions

  • Issues of Indigenous people's poor wellbeing are still highly prevalent

  • How can trust be built between Canadian Government and the Indigenous community?

  • Preserving cultures, heritage, and languages and strong communication with the government

  • Ensure health, wellness, and safety are top priorities
  • Clean water, healthcare, education

References

Arsenault, R. (2021). Water Insecurity in Ontario First Nations: An Exploratory Study on Past Interventions and the Need for Indigenous Water

Governance. Water, 13(5), 717. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050717

Bingham, B., Moniruzzaman, A., Patterson, M., Distasio, J., Sareen, J., John O’Neil, & Somers, J. M. (2019).

Indigenous and non-indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness in two canadian cities:

A retrospective analysis and implications for culturally informed action. BMJ Open, 9(4)

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024748

Burns, P., & Shor, E. (2021). Racial stereotyping of indigenous people in the Canadian media: A comparative analysis of two water pollution

incidents. Canadian Review of Sociology, 58(2), 207+.

https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A668397299/CPI?u=ko_acd_shc&sid=bookmark-CPI&xid=17d312d9

Canada, D. of F. (2021, April 19). Budget 2021: Strong Indigenous Communities. www.canada.ca.

https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/news/2021/04/budget-2021-strong-indigenous-communities.html

Canadian Mortgages Inc. (2018, May 3). The 10 worst places to live in Canada: Your 2018 guide. Canadian Mortgages Inc.

Retrieved November 2021, from

https://canadianmortgagesinc.ca/2018/04/the-10-worst-places-to-live-in-canada-your-2018-guide.html.

García-DelMoral, P. (2018). The Murders of Indigenous Women in Canada as Feminicides: Toward a

Decolonial Intersectional Reconceptualization of Femicide. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture

& Society, 43(4), 929–954.

Government of Canada, S. C. (2020, October 2). The Canadian Housing Survey, 2018: Core housing

need of renter households living in social and affordable housing. Statistics Canada.

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75f0002m/75f0002m2020003-eng.htm

Government of Canada. (2021). National Day for Truth and Reconciliation. Government of Canada;

Canadian Heritage. Retrieved 2021, from

https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/campaigns/national-day-truth-reconciliation.html

Hossain, B., & Lamb, L. (2019). Economic Insecurity and Psychological Distress Among Indigenous

Canadians. The Journal of Developing Areas, 53(1), 109-125. Retrieved from

https://www-proquest-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/scholarly-journals/economic-

insecurity-psychological-distress-among/docview/2094385279/se-2?accountid=3455

Mayan, M., Gokiert, R., Robinson, T., Tremblay, M., Abonyi, S., Morley, K., & Long, R. (2019). Community Setting as a Determinant

of Health for Indigenous Peoples Living in the Prairie Provinces of Canada: High Rates and Advanced Presentations of Tuberculosis.

International Indigenous Policy Journal, 10(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2019.10.2.5

Neidhart, L. (2017, February 16). Just the Facts - Poverty in Canada. Canada Without Poverty.

Retrieved from https://cwp-csp.ca/poverty/just-the-facts/

Statistics Canada. (2017, October 25). The Housing Conditions of Aboriginal People in Canada. Statistics Canada.

Retrieved November 2021, from

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/98-200-x/2016021/98-200-x2016021-eng.cfm.

Statistics Canada. (2020, July 14). Economic Impact of COVID-19

Among Indigenous People. Statistics Canada. Retrieved November 2021, from

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2020001/article/00052-eng.htm.

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