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The evolution of English language, culture and society of the English speaking countries
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The evolution of English language, culture and society of the English speaking countries
by Julia Morales Martínez
Index
Look for teaching materials
Early History
(750 BCE to 450 CE)
- The Iron Age
- The Roman Invasion
- The End of the Roman Empire
Early History
Old English
(450 CE - 1066 CE)
- Anglo-Saxon
- Viking
Old English
Middle English
(1066 CE - 1450 CE)
Middle English
- Norman invasion
- 100 Years' War
Early Modern English
(1450 CE - 1750 CE)
- Printing press
- The acts of Union
Early Modern English
Modern English
(1750 CE - Present)
- Enlightenment
- Invasion
- Industrial Revolution
Modern English
Early History
(750 BCE to 450 CE)
Roman Invasion
43 CE
Early history
Iron Age
750 BCE
The End of the Roman Empire
450 CE
Iron Age
(750 BCE - 43 CE)
History and
Geography
Ireland
Ireland
Cronmacnoise
Spain
Spain
A Guarda (Pontevedra)
Scotland
Scotland
Orkney Islands
Iron's and steel's revolution
Culture
https://www.theschoolrun.com/homework-help/celts
Tools and weapons made of iron and steel
Steel
Steel
Weapons
A sword with iron blade and bronze knob from the Iron Age.
Iron was used before, so the Iron Age's innovation was the use of steel, which is a harder metal.
Steel was a perfect material for agriculture's tools.
The production of new tools helped make the farming process easier and more efficient.
Agriculture
Tools (instead of weapons) were the biggest socio-economic development of this era, because most people were farmers and their lives revolved around the farming seasons.
Other cultural changes
Other cultural changes
This is a general analysis, because, being a very wide territory, there is a large range of different archeological discoveries.
Coins in Iron Age Western Britain
Increased interest in personal appearance
Artisans
Artisans
Wheel thrown pottery
Communities
Communities
People started living in larger and more settled communities.
Rites
Rites
Changes in the mortuary rites
Languages
Language
Languages in the British Iron Age
Some of them remain in the actuality (Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic), although they are endangered by English.
Britons
Goidelic
Common
Brittonic
Insular Celtic
Common Brittonic
Cumbric
Welsh
Cornish
Breton
"Sosban Fach" - Welsh Folk Song
Welsh song
"Swnami" - Gwreiddiau
Welsh song
Young people keep the languages alive.
Goidelic
Scottish Gaelic
Manx
Irish
"Cuibhlichean a' Bhus" - in Gaelic
Irish song
The Roman Invasion
(43 CE - 87 CE)
The Roman Empire in 54 CE.
History and
Geography
Roman Conquest of Britain
Battle of the Medway (43 CE)
River Medway in the lands of the Iron Age tribe of the Cantiaci, now the English county of Kent.
Iceni Revolt (60–61 CE)
The most significant of the native British tribes' revolts was the Iceni's one, led by their queen Boudicca.
Campaigns of Agricola (78–84 CE)
Fishbourne Roman Palace
75 CE, Fishbourne, West Sussex
Caerwent
75 CE, Monmouthshire, Wales
Culture
Sulis Minerva
Romans thought that Sulis was close enough to their own goddess of wisdom, Minerva.
Religion
The Romans were known to take over and adopt the gods of the people they conquered.
Christianisation of the British Isles
Latin was used by the clergymen and for preaching.
Christianity and language
Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent
Roman Coinage
The Roman state needed huge amounts of money (taxes) to pay for its military infrastructure.
Diet
The Romans introduced many fruits and vegetables previously unknown to the Britons.
Other aspects
The Romans also introduced pottery that had been mass-produced, glassware and iron nails for building.
Languages
Language
Languages during the Roman Occupation
Britons
Latin and hybrids
Common
Brittonic
Insular Celtic
Common Brittonic
Although influenced by Latin, in the north and the west it was prevalent and almost intact.
How did Latin influenced the Common Brittonic?
Brittonic "eskos"
Latin "piscis"
Example
English "fish"
Latin was the elite's language
Latin
Upper classes, clergymen and inhabitants of the more Romanised cities and towns.
British Latin
The End of the Roman Empire
(450 CE)
History and
Geography
Anglo-Saxon Conquest
Independence?
The Roman Empire focused on protecting Italy and abandoned the Romano-Britons.
Roman-Britons had not the needed army to defend themselves from invaders (Pitcts, Scotti, Angles, Saxons, Jutes...).
Culture
Legacy of the Roman Empire
http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/Romans.html
Architecture
Roads
Apartment complexes
"Insulae"
Houses
Aqueducts
Aqueducts
Public toilets
Public toilets
Calendar
Calendar
https://www.historyforkids.net/roman-calendar.html
Significant developments were also done in the fields of medicine, law, religion, government and warfare.
Social fields
Consumer's rights
Romans made it legal for a consumer to bring back some defective or unwanted merchandise to the seller!
Inventions
The Romans also introduced locks and keys, socks and shoes, cosmetics, the magnifying glass...
The "Acta Diurna" kept Romans current on events of interest.
Written language
Newspapers, a postal system and the concept of satire in literature were also brought by the Romans.
Language
Latin had a certain influence in the Common Brittonic, but the British Vulgar Latin disappears when the Romans left Britain.
Britons adopted the new invaders' language and little by little Old English was born.
Language
Old English
(450 to 1066)
Old English
Anglo-Saxon invasion
449
Viking invasion
793
Anglo-Saxon invasion
449
History and
Geography
Urban Society
Culture
Major towns were fortified.
Population
Most people lived in villages and London was the biggest town in England (10000 residents).
Language
Literature
Monasteries and other religious houses:
- From oral tradition to books
- Copies of books
Literature
Codex Amiatinus
Around 700 C.E.
Jarrow-Wearmouth monastery, Northumberland.
Language: Old English.
Beowulf (750 CE) – oral tradition
Beowulf
Runes
The Viking Invasion
(800-1066)
History and
Geography
Why Did the Vikings Leave Scandinavia?
Culture
What is Norse Mythology?
Mythology
Social classes
Kings and queens
Konungar
Whealthy
Jarls
Society
Freemen
Karls
Slaves
Thralls
Old Norse
Language
Younger Futhark
It was a Runic script used to write Old Norse.
Younger Futhark
Middle English
(1066 to 1450)
Middle English
Back to English (1399-1450)
The Norman Rule (1066-1399)
The Norman Rule (1066-1399)
History and
Geography
Culture
Great Chain of Being
Social hierarchy “created by God”
(theocentrism, but still feudalism).
Durham Cathedral (1093), England.
Architecture
Languages
- The Church: Latin
- The noblemen: Norman
- The commoners: Old English
Language
Literature
“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” - Gawain poet
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/english-ks2-sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight/z6gncqt
“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight” - Gawain poet
“Piers Plowman” - William Langland
“Piers Plowman” - William Langland
Back to English (1399-1450)
Hundred Years War between England and France (1337-1453)
History and
Geography
Culture
The Black Death
Plagues
The printing press
Language
Dialects
Evolution of English
Literature
“The Canterbury Tales” - Geoffrey Chaucer
“The Canterbury Tales” - Geoffrey Chaucer
Early Modern English
(1450 to 1750)
Early Modern English
The war of Roses (1445-1487)
History and
Geography
Civil war
Society and culture
Culture
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
- A long reign: she unifies the country against foreign enemies.
- Skillful in diplomacy and “publicity”.
- England experienced its highest level of literacy.
- The age of exploration, trades and voyages.
The Golden Era
https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/short-stories/elizabeth-i
Elizabeth was the inspiration for a brilliant flourishing in the culture and arts.
Elizabeth loved small portraits (miniatures by Nicholas Hilliard).
Arts
Elaborated textiles and embroidery
Creation of the old violin
Sculpture, architecture, theater (pageantry), music, coins and jewelry
Queen’s portraits everywhere
Independent Church of England (1553-54)
The church
Middle course between Protestants and Catholics: unity in the state.
Other social changes
Humanism
The philosophical belief that discards divinity as the source of human awareness and insists that people are self-aware and self-determinant.
Humanism
Interest in classical Greece and Rome (Raphael’s painting-Italy).
From theocentrism to anthropocentrism: turn away from religious themes and emphasize the glory of human beings.
Enlightenment Movement
“From the head, not the heart”
Enlightenment
Neoclassicism: revival of interest in the old classical works (Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones).
Age of Reason: classical ideals of order and moderation, realistically limited aspirations, emphasis on the common sense of society.
Other relevant events
Developments and advances in human rights, education, and modern democracy.
Social and cultural developments
The Royal Society (1660)
- “Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge” (1663).
- Discuss and run scientific experiments.
The Royal Society (1660)
The Great Fire of London (1666) and remake of the city.
The Great Fire of London (1666)
https://www.fireoflondon.org.uk/
Literature
Language
Romanticism
Poetry
Shakespeare
of the men are functionally literate
Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism: laws and rules for every genre of literature.
- Prose: precise, direct, smooth and flexible.
- Poetry: lyrical, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic.
Rules
“The Tatler” (1709) and
“The Spectator” (1711).
Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.
Journalism
More
https://study.com/academy/lesson/robinson-crusoe-lesson-for-kids.html
Modern English
(1750-present)
The Contemporary Period
1945-present
Realism
1832-1918
Modern English
Romanticism
1798-1832
Modernism
1918-1945
Romanticism (1798-1832)
Age of revolution
History and
Geography
Industrial revolution (1760)
Life simulation (video game) during the Industrial Revolution: http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Luddites/The Luddites.htm
French revolution (1789)
Bourgeois Society
Culture
- Emphasis on emotion and individualism.
- Glorification of the past, preferring the medieval rather than the classical (reaction against the Age of Enlightenment).
- Celebration of nature.
Romantics
The free expression of the feelings of the artist.
Libertarianism
Social development
“Who made man the exclusive judge, if women partake with him the gift of reason?"
(Wollstonecraft, 1792 “Vindication” 212).
Daughter: Mary Shelley
Mother: Mary Wollstonecraft
Feminism
“I do not wish women to have power over men; but over themselves.”
(Shelley, 1819 “Mathilda”).
Literature
Key general topics:
The marginalized: poor and insane people, discharged soldiers, children, etc.
The children’s perspective of life: innocent and uncorrupted.
The reverence for nature: encourage people to travel and to see the world’s unlimited potential.
Language
Samuel Johnson
Lord Byron
William Blake
Mary Shelley
The masque of anarchy
Percy
Shelley
Others
Realism
(1832-1918)
History and
Geography
Queen Victoria
Culture
The most powerful empire in the world (ruled a quarter of the world's population)
http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/victorians/victoria.htm
The social values of the Queen Victoria
Social values
- Age of photography.
- Moral responsibility and domestic propriety.
The Victorian Way of doing everything!
YouTube Channel
Social changes
Role of women
- Little progress for women’s rights.
- First women’s college established in 1848.
- “Woman Question” for middle class women.
- Lack of support from men and from women (E.g. the Queen Victoria).
Role of women
Mrs. Florence Pannel, born in 1868, speaks about life for women in Victorian times
Industrialization
Public railways.
Industrialization
Consequences of the industrialization:
- Quick changes.
- Bad working conditions.
- Economical breach between social classes.
- Prostitution’s relevance.
- Child and woman labor.
Literature
Language
https://schooleverywhere-elquds.com/lib/uploadbook/305871479713294oliver_twist_dickens_charles.pdf
Charles Dickens
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55ec9db4e4b030b2e82f2aef/t/57ed437f3e00be83f42c63a7/1475167124283/Oliver+Twist+Study+Guide.pdf
The Contemporary Period
History and
Geography
#because colonialism
Repercussions
Decolonization
Human rights
Human rights for the colonized
https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-4/human-rights-colonized
Globalisation Explained with a Block of Chocolate
Globalisation
Culture
English is the global lingua franca in the online world.
Computers and Internet
The Digital Era
Social
media
Entertainment
Race and gender in video games
"I would say gamers of color we've got a couple of options: we've got either bad representation or no representation at all."
English is the global lingua franca in the online world.
Social media
WASP in the TV series
Stereotypes
How do they affect children
Text books are created in image and likeness of WASP.
Education
They are also full of stereotypes.
Inclusive teaching
What can we do as teachers?
Read pdf: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DRTsJ2LhGms7Agesy3XbgKTiQCPYx8Bk/view?usp=sharing
Other aspects
We use universal "words" to express phrases in English.
Language
New words
Language
Literature
Modernism (1918-1945)
International Wars
History and
Geography
The shocking reality of the Great War.
- Instability and the unknown.
- Break with tradition.
- Experimentation and individualism.
- Social development
WWI
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/history/world-war-i/
https://www.funkidslive.com/learn/great-war/what-was-life-like-at-the-end-of-the-first-world-war/
WWII
Scientific Rationalism
Culture
Education
Context
Context
- Philosophy (Nietzsche)
- Politics (Communism, Marx)
- Biology (Darwin)
- Computational science (Lovelace)
Sigmund Freud
- Psychoanalysis offered another view of the mind’s nature of human beings.
Psychology
Relativity theory (Einstein, 1920s)
Physics
The electricity brought new sources of entertainment and enculturation such as the radio and the films.
https://mocomi.com/history-of-movies/
Fascism in Europe (“Mein Kampf”, 1925, Hitler)
Politics
Charles Chaplin
George Orwell
Deep reflection about the society
Animal farm
School in 1914: https://www.funkidslive.com/learn/great-war/school-in-1914/
Education
Feminism
Virginia Woolf
Dorothy Richardson
Literature
Language
Writers
Virginia Woolf
Vita & Virginia (2018)
W. B. Yeast
“When you are old” (1893)
John Osborne (1956) “Look Back in Anger”
Others
T. S. Eliot (1922) “The Waste Land”
Bibliography
Early History
Early History
- Mark, J. J. (2018). Roman Empire. Retrieved from: https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/
- History.com Editors. (2021). Iron Age. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/iron-age
- Paxton, J. (2020). Roman Conquest: How Did Life in Britain Change? Retrieved from: https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/roman-conquest-how-did-life-in-britain-change/
Old English
- BBC (2021). Anglo-Saxon society pre-1066. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8f4mnb/revision/1
- Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2021). Norman Conquest. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/event/Norman-Conquest
- Skjalden. (2018). Social Classes in Viking Society. Retrieved from: https://skjalden.com/viking-social-classes/
Middle English
- Alsford, S. (2016). Introduction to the history of medieval borough. Retrieved from: http://users.trytel.com/tristan/towns/townint8.html
- Crystal, D. (2018). Middle English. Retrieved from: https://www.bl.uk/medieval-literature/articles/middle-english#:~:text
- McIntosh, M. (2018, October 27). The Medieval World: An Introduction to Middle English Literature. Brewminate. Retrieved from: https://brewminate.com/the-medieval-world-an-introduction-to-middle-english-literature/
- profe manmen (2012, December 22). Timeline of the Middle English Period (1100-1500) [Entrada de blog]. Retrieved from: http://historialenguainglesa.blogspot.com/2012/12/timeline-of-middle-english-period-1100.html
- Wikipedia (2021). Wars of the Roses. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
Early Modern English
- Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020). Elizabeth I’s Achievements. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Elizabeth-Is-Achievements
- Department of English, Guru Nanak College, Dhanbad (2013, June 24). The neoclassical period (1660-1798). The Literary Vista. Retrieved from: http://literaryvista.blogspot.com/2013/06/the-neoclassical-period-1660-1798.html#:~:text
- Encyclopedia. (2021) The Arts in the Elizabethan World. Retrieved from: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/arts-elizabethan-world
- History.com Editors (2021, September 16). English Bill of Rights. HISTORY. Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/english-bill-of-rights
- Voorhies, J. (2002). Elizabethan England. Retrieved from: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/liza/hd_liza.htm
- Wikipedia (2021). Elizabeth I. Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I
Modern English
- Forward, S. (2014). The Romantics. Retrieved from: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/the-romantics
- The UNESCO Courier. (2018). Human rights for the colonized. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-4/human-rights-colonized
- Trueman, C. N. (2021). History of English Education. Retrieved from: https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/sociology/education-and-sociology/history-of-english-education/
Teachers' materials
- Navarro Adam, S. (2021). Periods in history of English Literature. UC1 Contextualización (Material de clase). English Literature and Didactics, VIU, Valencia.
- Navarro Adam, S. (2021). Periods in history of English Literature. UC2 Contextualización (Material de clase). English Literature and Didactics, VIU, Valencia.
- Pomar, M. C. (2021). History. UC1 Contextualisation (Material de clase). History, Culture, and Society in the English-speaking Countries, VIU, Valencia.
- Pomar, M. C. (2021). Pomar, M. C. (2021). Brief History of the English Language and Culture (prezi). Retrieved from: https://prezi.com/view/rqxyyEjOurm5rrjKHGDS/
- Ros, A. M. et all. (2021). UC1 History (prezi). Retrieved from: https://prezi.com/view/1vJOSVlwl9kXhurKwty1/