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The End of

Cold War

By Soham

Détente and Arms Control

1969–1979

Détente

  • As the tension between the Soviet Union and US was growing, these two powerhouse countries had a period of détente diplomacy in between 1969-1979.
  • These countries a lot of economical issues in their fued, there was an inducement between these countries to ease the the geopolitical relations and undergo arms control discussions.

Nuclear and Strategic Party

Nuclear and Strategic Parity

  • US and the Soviet Union had an agreement which implemented the limitations of the spread of nuclear weapons overall. This was an important event as this treaty was one of the agreements that helped release the tension that was in between these two powerhouses and diminshed the risk of the beginning of a nuclear war.

Arms Race After SALT I & II

ARMS RACE AFTER SALT

  • In 1972, there was a treaty between the Soviets and Americans (SALT 1) that limited the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) either side could have in their arsenals and allowed each nation to build two missile defense sites.
  • In 1979, another treaty was signed between these two countries which established an equal number of nuclear weapons between the countries and limited MIRV missiles, among other guidelines. These treaties were also impactful in making the air around these two nations less intense.

Smart Weapons and Technology

Smart Weapons and Technology

  • The Strategic Defensive Initiative (SDI): This was derisively known as the 'Star Wars Program' which was implemented in order to establish a protective cover for the US that prevented missles from hitting their desired target.
  • During the 1980s and 1990s, there was the development of controlled and targeted missiles. The smart weapons could also get deflected from their target but were increase in being more precise and accurate.

Liberation of Countries like Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania

Liberation

And Fall of Communism

The Liberation of these countries was also another reason for the end of cold war as it weakened the overall status of the Soviet Union and ignited the spirit of Nationalism in these countries.

Poland

  • During the 1980s, there was the formation was the Solidarity Trade Union by Lech Walesa.
  • The government makes Solidarity illegal and imprisons Walesa
  • General Jaruzelski comes to power in 1981. He attempts to improve the economical status which causes more riots. In the Late 1980s, Jarulzelski tries to gain support of the opposition groups. In the first elections, Solidarity won with ease and created a mixed government of Communists and Non-Communists. This was important as it fuels the feeling of Nationalism in other countries and start attempting to liberate themselves

Hungary

Hungary

  • Democratization was happening in Hungary which was brought by Janos Kadar who saw the failing economy. There were two opposition groups: Alliance of Free Democrats and Democratic Forum
  • The events in Poland impacted the political status of Hungary. In 1990, Hungary had a Prime Minister , Jozsef Natal

East Germany

East Germany, Czechoslovakia,

Romania

Fall of Berlin Wall

  • In October of 1989, people of the Eastern part of Germany were asking for greater freedom which led to the fall of berlin wall on 9th November, 1989.
  • Superpowers were starting to supporting the idea of reunification

Czechoslovakia and Romania

Czechoslovakia, Romania

Czechoslovakia

  • The Velvet Revolution on Nov 17, 1989 which demonstrated violence that happend in Prague
  • There were even larger protests which made the communist party to go peacefully and reassigned.
  • Vaclev Havel soon becomes the President
  • Czechs and Slovaks separate in 1992 which creates two new states

Romania

  • Nicolae Ceausescu was a dictator since 1965 that had similar violent methods like Honecker.
  • The revolution in Romania caused the massacre from the government forces in Timisoara in 1989.
  • The army killed more protestors as Ceausescu tried to speak to the people.

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia, Albania , Bulgaria

  • Croatia and Slovenia wanted independence.
  • There were a lot of haters towards the ethnic people that were developed in the state.
  • Serb-Croatian War in 1991: This war happend when Croatia decleared itself independent which led to Serbian forces invading Croatia.
  • When Milosevic had conquered most of Croatia, he wanted to sign a peace treaty. Towards the end of 1991, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia-Herzegovina were recognized as independent states.

Albania and Bulgaria

Albania and Bulgaria

In June of 1990, Bulgaria had its first free elections. The fall of communism in Bulgaria was something that concluded the Iron curtain was completely collapsed.

Albania was not a satellite state, and became democratic in 1992

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The fall of Soviet Union was something that truly marked the end of cold war as now America had no opposition left that would stand against their capitalist idelogy and Soviets fall meant that the feud between these two powerhouses was basically over. The few things that led to the collapse which are crucial to conclude the end of cold war are: The Fall of Berlin Wall, Reunification of Germany, Liberation of many countries and the ecnonomical failures that the Soviet Union was suffering from were a few aspects that led to their downfall.

THANK YOU

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