ENGL E101F Wk 8 Ss 1_L15

Referencing: Recap

3 steps:

• present the ideas with verbs of attribution
• insert the in-text citation in the text
• at the end, prepare a reference list

Verbs of attribution

Tell the readers why we select these ideas and how we view them with the use of verbs of attribution.

Please look at the examples.

Verbs of attribution: P.70

established = discovered

found = reporting results

Verbs of attribution: P. 70

both 'noted' and 'conclude' = presenting views

Verbs of attribution: P. 70

analyse: explaining

found: reporting results

argue: presenting views/arguments

Verbs of attribution: Act 4 P. 71

Some more examples of verbs of attribution

What are their functions?

Verbs of attribution: Act 4 P. 71

explain, analyse

report, find, state, demonstrate

mention, note, point out, put forward the view that, discuss, state, show, claim, argue, say, conclude, support, demonstrate

evaluate, support, indicate, recommend, suggest, propose

In-text citation

Lee: the author (subject)

2008: year of publication

Integral in-text citation

contends: v of attribution = states or argues that it is true

• Incorporated in the text (P. 73)
• e.g. Lee (2008) contends that 'reducing waste at source is the most effective method to solve the pullution problem' (p. 10)

page where you can find the idea in the publication

In-text citation

author not the subject

does not contain the v of attribution

present the idea

authors are listed at the end

Non-integral in-text citation

• Not incorporated in the text (P. 73)
• place at the end of the sentence, before the full stop
• e.g. The discussion and research projects about leading a more sustainable and 'green' lifestyle have been well documented (Breen, 2001; Wong, Xu & Ge, 2008).

In-text citation

To sum up:

• not a reference list
• within the text
• make it as simple as possible
• so only include the surname/family name/last name of the author
• together with the year of publication

Activity 6 Part II (P.75) Correct the mistakes

According to Butt (2002), two third of the respondents were concerned about the construction of incinerators close to their living areas.

Butt (2002) found that two third of the respondents ...

Activity 6 Part II P. 75

Not a complete sentence

Activity 6 Part II

As Lo (2001) has demonstrated, most Hong Kong people have reservations about the mandatory producer-responsibility legislations.

Lo (2001) has demonstrated that most Hong Kong people ...

Activity 6 Part II

Activity 6 Part II

In Lynne's (2007) view, growing more plants is beneficial to human health.

Lynne (2007) contends that growing more plants is ...

Referencing

APA referencing style:

• The official style of the American Psychological Association (APA)
• commonly use to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences.

Referencing

References in APA style:

• At the end of the essay/article/report.
• Listed the surname of the author of the book or article we have referred to or cited in alphabetical order.
• This list is called References

Referencing

If I am interested in knowing more about the information you have included, how am I going to find it?

What information do I need in order to find the source?

Referencing

Do I need to know the name of the book?

Do I need to know the name of the author?

Do I need to know the year of publication?

What else do I need to know? Any suggestions?

Referencing

• Name of the book
• Name of the author
• Year of publication
• Publisher
• City + name

Referencing

Name of the book

Blue, ideology, and Afro-American literature: A vernacular theory.

Name of the author

H. A. Baker

1984

Year of publication

Publisher: city & name

Chicago

University of Chicago Press

Referencing

Referencing

Referencing

Other things to bear in mind.

1. Sources are listed alphabetically, by the

authors' last name/ surname/ family name.

2. References should start at the left margin.

3. Second and subsequent lines should be

indented with 5 spaces.

Referencing

Unit 5 P.77

Examples:

References: Practice

• Author
• Year
• Title of book
• Publication information
• City: Publisher

Answer

References: Practice

• Author
• Year
• Title of book
• Publication information
• City: Publisher

Answer

References: Practice

Arrange the order

Doyle; Fleer; Johnson, M.; Johnson V.; Lilienfeld; Samson

Recap

Academic writing

Key Characteristics:

• More objective
• More complex
• Has a more formal structure
• More referencing

Academic writing

More reliable, more trustworthy

In terms of grammar and structure

More objective

More complex

Has a more formal structure

More referencing

In terms of the organization

refer to citation and references to avoid plagiarism

Academic writing: more complex

In terms of formality and grammatical structures

Formality of language:

• big differences vs most significant distinction

*Word choice to convey a high level of formality

look into the issue vs examine the issue

talk about vs discuss

come up with some possible solutions vs

suggest some possible solutions

Academic writing: more complex

More academic word choice

Try to complete the activity

1. He carried out a great deal of research into pollution.

2. She obtained her PhD degree in 2010.

3. One of the key factors in good academic writing is appropriate choice of words, which can help students submit really excellent assignments.

Academic writing: more complex

4. Working hard is essential for university students.

5. The cost of computers has decreased considerably in recent years.

6. Students can eliminate errors in their writing by proofreading carefully.

7. Scientists have recently discovered ways of making plastic biodegradable.

Academic writing: more complex

8. Prices of books have fluctuated wildly over the past five years.

9. In this essay, you are advised to discuss the ways in which cultural background can affect a student's approach to learning.

10. The professor wanted her students to analyse the problems before suggesting possible solutions to them.

Symptoms

3 categories:

• Present complaint e.g. pain
• Physical symptoms
• Psychological and emotional symptoms

Symptoms

Observe the flow when presenting symptoms

• more important symptoms first or in chronological order (Past then present, etc)
• physical symptoms before psychological/emotional ones

Symptoms

Suggestion:

List all symptoms according to :

• Importance /
• chronological order
• adverbials of time e.g. two weeks ago
• tense e.g. past to present, present to present perfect, etc

Symptoms

List all symptoms according to :

• physical symptoms then
• psychological / emotional symptoms

Comments

Generally, the flow has mostly been presented correctly.

'Verb' is an essential elements.

Pay attention to how we should transform fragments into complete sentences.

Check grammar especially 'tense'.

Generally past unless it is something that happens today.

Do not include irrelevant information

All these gave an impression that the situation happened in a continous manner.

Comments

Be careful with the following words.

started:

He started to have hissing sound in his right ear ...

until:

Until today, he couldn't talk clearly.

still:

Today, he still has unclear speech.

Comments

Mr Bob Smith, a 58-year-old construction worker, has been admitted for attacks ...

Is that the case?

Evidence?!

Comments

Paraphrasing?

Yes but don't paraphrase technical terms unless you are very sure that they are interchangeable otherwise the meaning may be altered.

Physical symptoms vs psychological symptoms

Unclear speech

hissing

Comments

different from auditory hallucination

hissing

• 'hissing' here is regarded as a physical symptom
• may be the result of the problems with the ear or with the brain

unclear speech

• can be both, depending on symptoms mentioned before
• can be a physical symptom because of 'stroke' or 'brain tumor'

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Last week attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomiting for 4 days

Last week, Mr Bob Smith had attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomited for 4 days.

Last week, Mr Bob Smith suffered attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomited for 4 days.

Last week, Mr Bob Smith had attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomited. Such situation lasted for 4 days.

Mr Bob Smith had attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomited for 4 days last week.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

During attack, rapid pulse rate and increased respiration rate.

adjective

During the attack, his pulse rate was rapid and his respiration rate increased.

verb

During the attack, Mr Smith had a rapid pulse rate and an increased respiration rate.

adjective

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

During the attack, his pulse rate was rapid with an increased respiration rate.

During the attack, Mr Bob Smith’s pulse rate and respiration rate increased.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Later, acute throbbing chest pain (left side). Affecting left thumb.

Later, he suffered an acute throbbing chest pain on the left side and this affected his left thumb.

Later, there was an acute throbbing chest pain on the left side which affected the left thumb.

Later, he suffered from an acute, throbbing pain in the left chest which affected his left thumb.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Worse at night. Better after sleep.

He felt worse at night, but better after sleep.

The pain got worse at night, but became better after sleep.

was relieved

The situation got worse at night/ The symptoms got worse at night but became better after sleep.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Hissing in right ear two days ago.

Two days ago, Mr Smith had a hissing in his right ear.

Two days ago, Mr Smith heard a hissing in the right ear.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Two days ago, Mr Smith heard some hissing sounds in his right ear.

Two days ago, hissing sounds appeared in Mr Bob Smith’s right ear.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Sweat at night. Muscle weakness.

He also sweated at night and suffered muscle weakness.

Also, his muscle became weak and he was sweating all night.

He sweated at night and had the symptom of muscle weakness.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Today with unclear speech

Today, he speaks unclearly.

Today, he has an unclear speech.

Today, he is unable to speak clearly.

Description of Bob Smith's symptoms

Last week, Mr Bob Smith had attacks of dizziness with nausea and vomited for 4 days. During the attack, his pulse was rapid and his respiration rate increased. Later, he suffered an acute throbbing pain on the left chest which affected his left thumb. The pain got worse at night and was relieved after sleep. Two days ago, Mr Smith had a hissing in his right ear. He also sweated at night and experienced muscle weakness. Today, he is unable to speak clearly.