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Culture, Folklore and Tales of the Pacific Northwest

Jenessa Froelich

Folklore: the traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth.

Pacific Northwest Tribes

Oregon Federally recognized tribes (9)

  • Burns Paiute
  • Coos
  • Grand Ronde
  • Siletz
  • Umatilla
  • Warm Springs
  • Umpqua
  • Coquille
  • Klamath

Pacific Northwest Native American Tribes

Washington Federally recognized Tribes (29)

  • Nooksack
  • Lummi
  • Samish
  • Upper Skagit
  • Swinomish
  • Sauk-Suiattle
  • Stillaguamish
  • Tulalip
  • Jamestown S’Klallam
  • Lower Elwha klallam
  • Makah
  • Quileute
  • Hoh
  • Quinault
  • Port Gamble S’Klallam
  • Suquamish
  • Skokomish
  • Snoqualmie
  • Muckleshoot
  • Puyallup
  • Nisqually
  • Squaxin Island
  • Chehalis
  • Shoalwater Bay
  • Colwitz
  • Colville
  • Kalispel
  • Spokane
  • Yakima

Idaho Federally recognized tribe (4)

  • Coeur D’Alene Tribe
  • Kootenai Tribe of Idaho
  • Nez Perce Tribe
  • Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho

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Artifacts & Art

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Artifacts & Art

  • Totem Poles are commonly known sources of Artwork of the Pacific Northwest in Washington. Totems (often animals) represent the correlation as an individual in comparison to others, such as a personality type. Totem poles were the used as of way to show families ancestry, similar to family crests. (Philips)
  • Bentwood Boxes were traditionally used as container for storage for items such as cooking materials like water and rocks. These boxes are made from a plank of wood that is manipulated by heat to create the perimeter and then attaching a plank for the top and bottom to create these sturdy items. Usually , the more designs put onto these boxes were social ques of wealth within tribes.(Ditto)

Washington Native Americans use many different symbols to express their culture through their artifact and art. Some of the more recognized symbols include:

  • Bears
  • Beavers
  • Eagles
  • Frogs
  • Hummingbirds
  • Whales
  • Otters
  • Owls
  • Ravens
  • Salmons
  • Seals
  • Wolves
  • Thunderbird
  • Canoes and Paddles were often made from Cedar tress and used as a form of transportation. The canoes in size ranged from 12 feet to 60 depending upon the usage such as traveling in open waters for long distance while the smaller canoes were often utilized for fishing and traveling on the rivers. The paddles also varied in size but were roughly 4-5 feet long. The men and women of the tribe would have different paddles due to the difference in strokes in the water. For fishing paddles, they would include a sharper point that could be utilized to their advantages. (Ditto)
  • Masks were used as a way of story telling, traditions and ceremonies amongst many tribes within the Pacific Northwest. These were carved out of different types of cedar tress, such as yellow and red as well as being carved out of alder. Often these were carved to appear as the symbolic animals that are commonly seen on totems. (Ditto)
  • Copper Jewelry was one of early onsets of trade items between the Native American tribes and the European settlers. Jewelry made out of copper often represent wealth within these tribes and often had traditional images or symbolic representation within families.(Ditto)
  • Drums were commonly used during celebrations or ceremonies within tribes during pot latches. Some differing tribes however, only would use drums when they determined a spiritual being is near. Due to these being spiritual items, they were often assigned to shamans who are to be the individuals that are the connection between both the living world and the spirit world.(Ditto)

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Traditions & Celebrations

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Traditions & Celebrations

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Potlatches were feasts of giving gifts,trading and food with all attendees. During the festivities, often in Fall time, you would see many tribes come to a designated location with foods of the different regions to prep for trade. Often there were dancing and feasting throughout the trading. However, not all potlatches were the big events such as bringing together multiple tribes, there were smaller potlatches that covers up mishaps to avoid loss respect as well as some potlatches were compare the wealth level of different tribes as well as used a social queue of where their tribe is in standing to others.

One of the most commonly and well known potlatches in Washington State was the Golden Potlatch in 1911-1914 & 1935-1941, also known as Potlatch Days. This potlatch was held in Seattle, WA and was a reminder of the successful exhibition of the Yukon in Alaska. Over the years, Seattle kept this celebration to rival the Portland Rose Festival. During these Potlatch Days, the cities hierarchy would converse about Seattle and what has been happening over the years. The first Golden Potlatch in July 1911 was claimed to have 300,000 visitors which enjoyed parades, car races, airshows and concerts. The reason as to why they called this the "Golden" Potlatch is due to Gold Rush in which they celebrated for the part that Seattle contributed. Over time, due to the riots that broke out over the course of a few years during this event , it diminished by 1914. However, after attempting to revive it only last until World War 2 in 1941. As of current times, the Seafair Celebration has adopted these traditions that were originally of the Golden Potlatches. ( McConaghy)

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Tales & Stories

Tales & Stories

The Great Quake:

The Great Quake is about how the largest earthquake in the 1700 on January 26th with a magnitude ranged from 8-9 happened in the Cascadia region. This region was from Vancouver Island, BC to Cape Mendocino, CA. Due to the size of this Earthquake, it created Tsunamis in Japan and major landslides. Due to such research done by The University of Washington, The Native American tribe in Washington State, has a story of their Thunder Bird (Top Image) carrying the whale would has been suspected of such events that occured. (Stricherz) The second image you see is from the Nuu-Chah-Nulth from Vancouver, BC. The story behind this image is that the tribe invited a person to dance around their drum. The person dancing around this drum then kicks it in which his foot creates the major quakes. (Finkbeiner). Upon the investigation through feild work, it appears that the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake, it has been connected to the original cause of this 1700 earthquake. This information was found through Carbon dating of plants as well as the debris from the "Earth quake induced landslides" (Spitz)

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Story of the Moon:

One day two sisters were scaverging for roots in the woods and decided that after they would sleep that night before returning home. Both of the sisters wish upon the starts to marry one of them one day. The following day, the sisters woke up and noticed that they were taken to the land of the Sky People where they both married the stars they were looking at. One of the sisters , the older one

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had a baby boy. Over time these sister started to yearn returning to their home, so one day while digging for roots they dug far enough to see their home land below them. One of the sister weaved a cedar rope that hit the top of Mount Si. As they climed down and returned to their homeland their trib had a celebration on Rattlesnake ridge. During this, the son of one of the sisters were stolen, by the time they could find him he was already grown up with his own children to raise & would only come home once they have grown. Once that happened , he came home and brought all the great fish in the land and turned into the Snoqualime Falls as well as very good wild game to eat for the people. (Ballard)

Famous Folklore & Tales of the Pacific Northwest

Folklore, tales and legends play a large role in society in the sense they teach lessons or morals. Often these stories consist of animals or spirits that the audience is easily able to create a persona about such as foxes being sly to give persective. These stories are also a tool to teach children , such as scare them to not wander into the woods alone for an example. Such stories are passed down by generations to generations to maintain such teach methods or to have the rememberance of loved ones. (Herald)

Famous

Folklore

Tales of the Pacific Northwest

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Big Foot

Big Foot (Sasquatch)

Sasquatch or Big Foot is one of the more popularly known Folklore tales of the Pacific Northwest. It is believed that this is giant (6-9 feet tall) ape like creature who lives within the wood and leave behind a trail of its footprints. This Folklore is a mixure based upon Native Ameican tale with a european twist once the mirgation to the pacific northwest. One of the teaching key point for this tale it is stated that children were to be weary of speaking of such monsters name that if you did it would come to take them away to be potentially killed. It was rumored that there was a group of Cannibalstic wild-living men that resided on Mount St. Helens in Washington.

however, this folklore has become more of a popculture icon for the Pacific Northwest. Such that this icon has become popular in video games and movies. There is even a music festival in Washington State named Sasquatch that were inspired by such folklore tales. (Walls)

Princess of Pike Place

Princess Angeline Seattle

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Princess Angelia was the eldest daughter of Chief Seattle and was born in 1820. Back in 1855, there was a treaty of point Elliot that was put in placed ot have all Indians of the Duwamish tribe to be relocated from their current residency and move to the reservartions. Angelia, failed to abide the treaty and remained living in her cabin on the waterfront , which is now between Pike and Pine street in Seattle. She remained at her cabin until she died at age 85 on May 31, 1896. She was the last living direct descendant of Chief Seattle in which she was given a proper burial and funeral. However After her death her land of her cabin became part of the famous landmark Pikes Place market. In 1907, Pike Place market was built demonlishing the home of this historical figure in Seattle hisory. (Bagley) . To this day It has been rumored that people have seen the ghost of Princess in Pikes Place Market for many years and is often seen in the lower wooden area. (Legends)

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Citations

“About Washington Tribes.” Washington Tribes,

www.washingtontribes.org/about#about-washington-tribes.

“Authentic Native Masks.” Spirits of the West Coast Art Gallery Inc, Spirits of the West Coast Art

Gallery Inc, spiritsofthewestcoast.com/collections/native-american-masks.

Bagley, Clarence B. “Chief Seattle and Angeline.” Washington Historical Quarterly,

journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/WHQ/article/view/7963/6999.

Ballard, Arthur C. “Story of the Moon.” About the Snoqualmie Indian Tribe Snoqualmie Tribe,

www.snoqualmietribe.us/moon.

Ditto, Christopher. “Argillite.” Northwest Tribal Art Symbols,

www.northwesttribalart.com/symbols.html.

Hakai Magazine. “The Great Quake and the Great Drowning.” Hakai Magazine,

www.hakaimagazine.com/features/great-quake-and-great-drowning/.

Herald. “Why Folk Tales Are Important.” The Herald, The Herald, 10 Nov. 2013,

www.herald.co.zw/why-folk-tales-are-important/.

“HistoryLink.org.” Prohibition in Washington State, www.historylink.org/File/10737.

Legends of America, www.legendsofamerica.com/wa-pikemarket/.

Malin, Edward. “Native Lore Tells the Tale: There's Been a Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On.” Office

of Minority Affairs Diversity, www.washington.edu/news/2005/07/11/native-lore-tells-the-tale-theres-been-a-whole-lotta-shakin-goin-on/.

“Northwest Coast Totem Pole Myths.” Burke Museum, 8 Apr. 2016,

www.burkemuseum.org/blog/northwest-coast-totem-pole-myths.

The Oregon Encyclopedia,

oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/bigfoot_sasquatch_legend/#.W_tcr-hKiUk.

Phillips, W. S. Totem Tales : Indian Stories Indian Told, Gathered in the Pacific Northwest.

Star Pub. Co., 1896.

“Seattle.” Prohibition in Washington State, www.historylink.org/File/8213.

Spitz, Tullan. “Science Proves 1700 Cascadia Earthquake Happened, And Why Oregon Should

Prepare For Another Tsunami.” Oregon Public Broadcasting, Boise State Public Radio/Idaho

Public Television, 27 Jan. 2016, www.opb.org/news/series/unprepared/jan-26-1700-how-scientists-know-when-the-last-big-earthquake-happened-here/.

“Totem Poles: Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast.” ::: American Indians of the Pacific

Northwest Collection ::: content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/wright.html.

“Tribal Affairs.” Oregon Department of Education : 2018 Social Sciences Standards SBE First

Reading Draft : Social Sciences : State of Oregon, www.oregon.gov/DHS/ABOUTDHS/TRIBES/Pages/Tribes.aspx.

“What Is a Potlatch?Pacific Northwest Coastal Indiansin Olden Times for Kids.” Religion, the

False Face Society - Iroquois Indians in Olden Times for Kids and Teachers - Native Americans in Olden Times for Kids, nativeamericans.mrdonn.org/northwest/potlatch.html.

Works Cited

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