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The Human Needs Theory

A Grand Nursing Theory

By: Breanne Chisholm, Gabrielle Logan, Madison McLaughlin, Adelina Serbanescu & Mackenzie Wilson

Virginia Henderson

- 1897-1996

- Born in Kansas City, Missouri

- "Modern-Day Mother of Nursing"

- "The Nightingale of Modern Nursing"

Theorist

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Education

Education

- Diploma in Nursing from the Army School of Nursing at Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C. in 1921

- Bachelor's Degree in 1932 and Master's Degree in 1934 from the Teachers College at Columbia University

- Doctoral degrees from:

- Catholic University of America

- Pace University

- University of Rochester

- University of Western Ontario

- Yale University

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Career

Career

- Nurse educator and author

- Worked at the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service for 2 years with diploma

- Taught nursing at Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia

- Became a member of faculty at Columbia University after graduation of Master's Degree

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Foundation of Theory

- Educated during the empirical era in medicine & nursing which focused on patient needs

- Was introduced to physiologic principles during her graduate education, which were the foundation of her nursing care

- Most of her theory related to educating nurses to care in a more holistic manner

- The areas in which she worked helped her recognize the importance of increasing patient independence

Foundation

of

Theory

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

The Human Needs Theory

"I say that nursing is helping the patient perform those activities of daily living or acts implied, that he would perform unaided if he had the strength, or the knowledge, and the will. And to do this in such a way that he will be independent of the nurse as soon as possible"

Theory

Concepts

Nursing Metaparadigm

Nursing

Health

Individual

Environment

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Components

Henderson's 14 Activities for Client Assistance

1) Breathe normally

2) Eat and drink adequately

3) Eliminate body waste

4) Move and maintain desirable postures

5) Sleep and rest

6) Select suitable clothes - dress and undress

7) Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment

8) Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument

9) Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

10) Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears or opinions

11) Worship according to one's faith

12) Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment

13) Play or participate in various forms of recreation

14) Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health, and use the available health facilities

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Strengths

Strengths &

Weaknesses

- This theory can be applied to nursing practice because its foundation is to enhance the overall health and healing of a patient, as well as enhancing the nursing profession

- Nursing care can be based on the 14 components of this theory until the patient is able to accomplish them independently

- The theory is simple, straightforward and direct in its goal of promoting the basic human needs to promote health and independence of individuals

- All 14 components meet each stage of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

- Decreases hospital stays

- Useful in strengthening future nursing practice

- Client-centered approach to care

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Weaknesses

Weaknesses

- Did not re-define the concepts of the metaparadigm that she based the theory off of

- No model

- The relationships between the 14 components are unclear

- 14 components are not written in testable terms

- Broad - not specific

(McEwen & Wills, 2019)

Case Study

Case Study

You are currently placed on the General Surgery unit (3CN) at the Saint John Regional Hospital for your clinical rotation. You are assigned to Mr. Brown, a 43-year-old male that underwent an appendectomy. He is currently one day post-op.

During your initial assessment with Mr. Brown, you notice that the head-to-toe assessment incorporates 3 of the components found in Henderson's theory. The 3 components are:

(Select all that apply)

a) eat and drink adequately

b) breathe normally

c) eliminate body waste

d) worship according to one's faith

Question 1

Upon assessment, Mr. Brown

states that he is unable to relax as he

is feeling sore and uncomfortable. You assist him with moving him into a more comfortable position by placing pillows under his legs and back. What component is being used in this situation?

a) sleep and rest

b) avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuries others

c) communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

d) move and maintain desirable postures

Question 2

14 Components

Breathe normally

Eliminate body waste

Avoid dangers in environment & avoid injuring others

Eat & drink adequately

Move & maintain posture

Learn about normal development & health, and use available health facilities

Work with a sense of accomplishment

Nursing

Feud

Keep body clean & well groomed

Dress & undress

Participate in various forms of recreation

Communicate with others to express emotions, needs, fears, or opinions

Sleep & rest

Maintain body temperature

Worship one's faith

Q

?

uestions

Q&A

References

McEwen, M., & Wills, E. (2019). Theoretical Basis for Nursing (5th

ed.). Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

References

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