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Liam Boyer
Angelo State University
July 28th, 1868 - The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified and became law. The 14th Amendment guarantees the rights of all citizens of the United States, including due process and equal protection rights. This law would set up a number of large cases important to education including Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education by ensuring that all citizens had certain rights that could not be infringed upon, no matter the race or color of the person.
The National Education Association created the Committee of Ten to establish standard curriculum for schools. The committee set the standard of eight years of elementary education and four years of secondary education, as well as defining the four curricula for high school: classical, Latin-scientific, English, and modern language. They also added what would become the basic courses of foreign languages, math, science, English and history as part of all curriculum.
Homer Plessy challenged a Louisiana law that he could not sit in the same railroad cars as white people. In the case, he challenged the 13th and 14th Amendments. The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy, confirming the "separate but equal" doctrine. This stated that segregation was legal provided that both whites and blacks had equal facilities. This case would be used to justify segregation laws, including within the educational world
When their darker skinned cousins were denied entry to a white school but their lighter skinned children were not, the Mendezes sued the school district. This case ended up being a landmark civil rights case against segregation within school in the United States. Due to inferior materials at the school, the Mendezes sued under a 14th Amendment violation of the student's due process right to education. This case would lead to the Governor of California pushing the legislature to desegregate all schools within the state, and also served as a reference for Thurgood Marshall to argue during Brown v. Board of Education seven years later, leading to the desegregation of all schools in America.
When a coordinated effort between five different families from five different states resulted in black students being turned away from whites only schools, the cases were combined and eventually argued before the Supreme Court by Thurgood Marshall. Marshall argued that segregation violated the student's 14th Amendment right to due process. In a landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of children by race deprived the minority students of an equal education. This ruling also reversed the previous ruling from Plessy v. Ferguson and declared it had no place within the world of education. This case led to the eventual desegregation of all schools in America.
Lev Vygotsky's book was originally published in 1934, but was released to the English speaking world in 1962. Thought and Language would revolutionize theories on development by paving the way for social constructivism theories on human development. Vygotsky introduced two major items in his writing: the Zone of Proximal Development and the More Knowledgeable Other. These theories stated that young children benefited from the presence of a More Knowledge adult and this proximity would lead to learning through experience.
Originally conceived by President John F. Kennedy, the Civil Right Act of 1964 was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Though this law would be expand upon by Congress in the following year, it declared that any sort of discrimination because of a person's race, sex, color, religion or national origin. This law would reverse a hundred years of legal discrimination against minorities and restore their 14th Amendment rights. Johnson would sign the bill into law on July 2nd, 1964.
Piaget's The Science of Education is published. This book would lead to changing the way teachers design curriculum and instruction, particularly in science. Piaget presents the Learning Cycle Approach, which is a inquiry-based model based on constructivism ideas. The Learning Cycle is divided into three distinct parts: the exploration phase, the invention phase, and the application phase. A summary of research of this approach shows that using the Learning Cycle can result in greater science achievement, increased retention of scientific concepts, and improved attitudes towards science in the classroom.
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is a law that made any sort of discrimination on the basis of gender within the world of education illegal. This law would change the way schools treated the different sexes and assured equality between all students, no matter the gender. The law is most known for evening the playfield between men and women within the world of education.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was created to stop discrimination against students with disabilities in schools. This program now serves students who do not qualify for special education or individual education plans by providing accommodations for specific disorders and conditions that could affect a student negatively within the classroom. It also protect these students from due process rights violations that would harm them within the classroom.