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The Principles of Governance

Socialism

Title

Francoius Marie Charles Fourier (a french philospher and early socialist thinker)

According to Fourier, cooperation and care were the keys to social progress. He believed that a cooperative society would experience a significant increase in productivity. According to their contribution, workers would be paid for their labour.

Karl Marx

The law of value no longer governs economic activity according to the Marxist concept of socialism, which is production for use-value (i.e., the direct satisfaction of human wants or economic demands).

With the government providing substantial housing subsidies, energy subsidies, and a primarily state-run economy, Turkmenistan is a prime illustration of socialism.

Title

Title

Capilalism

-utilizes the principles of a free market to generate wealth.

- private companies' assets

- An innovative culture and strong economic growth

- Health care left to free market

Socialism

- the production of goods and services is either partially or fully regulated by the government (redistribution of income)

- Cooperatives owned by the government have assets.

- Promotion of equality

- Heath care provided by government

PROS

1. Decrease in relative poverty

Refers to a welfare state that offers a minimum basic income to people who are unable to work due to illness, unemployment, or other reasons maintains a minimal quality of living for the most vulnerable members of society and helps to lower poverty levels.

2. Socialist principles promote altruism over greed

Instead of encouraging greed, socialist ideas promote altruism. Unlike capitalism where the pursuit of profit, even at the expense of other people or the environment, is encouraged. In a socialist society, the common good and social solidarity are prioritised before profit. That also elimanates exploitation as people are not forced to work for the profit of organizations and or companies.

3. Medical treatment being free.

Everyone has a right to basic healthcare when it is provided for free at the point of use. This raises the level of living for people who cannot afford private medical care. Long-term economic growth and enhanced labour productivity are both benefits of the nation's improved health.

CONS

1. Insufficient incentive

Progressive taxation with high rates can discourage people from working and starting businesses. Entrepreneurs can believe that they would rather just not take the risk or work abroad if the government is taking a large portion of their revenues. In the modern world, it is simpler for the extremely wealthy to live abroad in tax havens and benefit from other people's tax payments. Tax rates that are excessively high risk becoming counterproductive and failing to significantly boost tax collections.

2. Government failure

In a perfect world, the government would be successful in managing public industries, labour markets, and businesses but   the ineffective use of resources are risks of government action. Regulations governing the labour market, such as high minimum wages or maximum workweeks, may cause unemployment and a lack of flexibility, which need to be addressed.

3.

Conservatism

PROS

- Economic prosperity: It supports consistent economic expansion. Although c onservatives exploit social concerns, they prioritize their nation's economic goals.

- Upholding the status quo: Being conservative means being able to uphold the current state of affairs, and any necessary change must originate from individuals. The modification shouldn't be imposed by the government.

- Private ownership liberties: They guarantee people's rights in relation to their possessions. It acknowledges a person's legal right to peacefully enjoy his belongings. 

CONS

- Lack of government intervention in, among other things, pricing, salaries, and rent rates can lead to inequality

- Racism: In the past, conservatism contributed significantly to slavery and the status quo. To put an end to slavery and bigotry among conservatives, the government had to intervene.

- Environmental effects: In the past, many conservatives opposed government regulation of CFCs to stop the depletion of the ozone layer because they believed it would have an impact on the economy. The extent they go to in order to benefit the economy is a big disadvantage.

EXAMPLE

South Korea, where a powerful conservative party has developed, is a real-world illustration of conservatism. Military dictatorships have affected conservatism in South Korea. South Korean conservatism supports quick modernization and social stability while also having a strong elitist element. In general, modern conservatives oppose LGBT advocacy and rights. Institutions and behaviours that provide stability and change gradually are typically preferred by conservatives.

COMPARISON

When focusing on the key values of Liberalism, individual freedom is highly valued whereas order, stability and social harmony are prioritized in Conservatism. Conservatives represent the established institution, whilst liberals represent democracy. Their morals are so very distinct. Conservatives contend that it is crucial to uphold traditional moral standards, in contrast to liberalism's view that the state shouldn't force morality on its citizens. The economies of the two parties are likewise different. While conservatives favour a free market with social harmony, liberalism advocates for a free market with equality of opportunity.

Liberalism

PROS

- Economic progress: A free market is a fundamental component of liberalism. Economic growth is supported by free markets. This is made possible by a lack of governmental regulations that may otherwise limit economic growth.

- Elimination of slavery - Liberalism's guiding principle is that everyone should have the right to freedom. This political position opposes slavery and any forms of oppression that prevent individuals from living as they wish.

Honest competition State restrictions that are kept to a minimum guarantee perfect competition, eliminate entrance obstacles, and lessen monopoly.

CONS

Government criticism: The government is frequently criticised for committing to numerous expensive programmes that have unintended consequences and exacerbate societal problems rather than solving them.

Unfair working wages are frequently encouraged by market-based wages. Employers can pay their employees however they see fit in a free market. Sadly, this may result in employers taking advantage of their workers.

Market instability - Economic recessions occur naturally in free markets. These traumatic occurrences are frequent. For instance, the United States has seen seventeen significant economic downturns, most notably the Great Depression.

PERSON

John Jocke

Most people agree that John Locke is credited with founding contemporary liberalism. He argued that individuals have fundamental rights that are independent of the laws of any specific community, including the rights to life, liberty, and property. Men are naturally free and equal, according to Locke, who used this argument to support his theory of the social contract, which holds that people in the natural state conditionally cede some of their rights to the state in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable enjoyment of their lives, liberties, and property.

The idea of the separation of church and state was also outlined by Locke. According to Locke's social contract theory, there is an inherent right to. Consequently, he said, the freedom of conscience must continue to be shielded from all governmental interference. John Locke's theory served as an inspiration for and a reflection of Enlightenment ideals in that it upheld religious tolerance while also recognising the rights and equality of all people.

COMPARING

Marxist and Liberal frames are very different from one another. According to the liberal perspective, political parties serve to reflect the interests of either individuals or groups, making them superfluous to democracy. Political parties serve as the voice of class interests in the Marxist framework.

Fasism

PROS

- The fascist government prioritizes cultural preservation in its "War on Pollution." Considering environmental pollution can have a negative impact on both culture and the environment, the leadership will use all of its resources to combat pollution while prioritising the preservation of culture in accordance with its basic beliefs.

Allowing for Private Enterprises: This style of governance is very effective at encouraging people to start their own businesses, which boosts economic stability and prosperity and is crucial in preventing inflation by producing jobs and helping people make money.

Decrease of Employment rate: By eliminating social classes and emphasizing equality and economic growth, this form of government can guarantee that citizens quickly find employment to protect their livelihoods and families and that the government can set wages in order to ensure a high standard of living.

CONS

Absence of free speech: People who attempt to engage in any sort of dissent, criticism, or insurrection against the government face brutality, incarceration, or the death penalty under this type of leadership. People are not permitted to express themselves freely, and the press is urged to be censured in order to instil government ideals in people's brains.

Civil Liberties Violation: This kind of governance completely disregards all forms of freedom, including the right to free speech, the right to assemble, and the ability to travel around without restriction. Fascist administrations frequently engage in costly conflicts thanks to their powerful forces

A leader may utilise his position to provide his family and friends significant positions and profitable agreements as a result of the total authority that comes with being in charge. Allies can easily abuse their position of authority and partake in unscrupulous practises that could hurt the economy.

PEOPLE

The National Fascist Party was created and presided over by Italian politician and writer Benito Mussolini. Fascism was praised as an alternative to socialist radicalism and legislative inaction. He declared that fascism will preserve private property rights and capitalism while putting a stop to government corruption and worker unrest. It would ensure on-time rail service

As soon as he came into power, Adolf Hitler made Germany a fascist nation. Hitler's regime was able to handle variables like unemployment and inflation that had previously caused a lot of pain by assuming these powers. Industrialists typically accepted the loss of some of their freedoms because the government generally permitted them to keep their profit margins.

It was very popular in Germany.  Nazi Germany is frequently cited as an example of a fascist government. The Nazis attempted to establish a strong state with the aim of governing most facets of life beginning in 1933. They were vanquished in 1945, but not before utilising this state to incite a devastating war in Germany and the rest of the globe. Tens of millions of people lost their lives as a result, including more than six million Jews who died in the Holocaust. Nazism gained power in Germany by utilising the government to further its goals and by oppressing Jews while in power.

REAL LIFE

Communism

All faiths are outlawed and production is structured to meet human needs without the use of money.

Public property ownership has allowed for a classless society where everyone participates in the creation of products and services, and private property is rejected.

Fascism

To prevent the formation of international financial markets, work, and labour unions, government-directed private enterprise

Citizens are obligated to worship the state through nationalism under fascism, which is a civil religion.

COMPARISON

Nationalism

PROS

It led to the establishment of a large government, which has aided in numerous ways, including the construction of public hospitals and schools. Just because of nationalism, a huge system can run. People can peacefully share the nation's resources. It is one of the elements that contribute to a country's development. This raises people's living levels in turn.

Similar to how globalisation works, it creates countless career chances. Additionally, it motivates people to do greater effort in order to succeed in their life. They can relocate and establish themselves in different locations as they continue to pursue their careers and aspirations. For instance, a person from anywhere on world can visit your nation and continue chasing their pleasure. 

Nationalism fosters a sense of belonging, affection, and commitment to one's country while embracing its diversity. This makes forming alliances with other countries simple. By establishing a common identity in terms of culture, language, and religion, nationalism ensures there is harmony. Additionally, it ensures ethnic diversity to aid in the development of the country.

Nationalism fosters hate between nations by making individuals intolerant of those from other countries. The nations impacted by this experience intense animosity. Some people might harbour prejudices against persons from other countries

Seperation occurs as a result of nationalism, which even though it makes a nation autonomous from other nations renders it lonely. Due to the difficulty in conducting unrestricted imports and exports with other countries, this has an impact on the nation's economic situation. It could also be challenging to negotiate treaties with the country. Individuals are divided by nationalism based on their socioeconomic level.

Politicians are skilled at playing on people's emotions. They frequently invoke nationalism to defend harmful policies. Donald Trump, for instance, expelled all immigrants from the USA and erected a border wall over Mexico.

CONS

Hitler's unification of the German people through a variety of methods to further his goals is a historical illustration of nationalism.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLE

Control of one country over the political, economic, and cultural life of another is known as imperialism.

Nationalism is the desire for political independence, particularly from a foreign power or from a group of people who have their own distinct identity and culture but no independent state.

COMPARISON

Raja Ram Mohan Roys's impact on the development of Indian nationalism include exposing Indians to modernity and western culture. His work on nationalism also benefited from his support for equal civil and economic rights for Indians from the British.

In South Africa, the Indian nationalist movement had Gandhi as its leader. Additionally, he had been a prominent opponent of basic discrimination, harsh labour practises, and repressive police control like the Rowlatt Acts. Gandhi developed the idea of satyagraha during these protests.

PEOPLE

Marxism

PRO

It fosters equality: The gap between socioeconomic classes in a society is the root of numerous injustices and inequalities. Marxism establishes a system of genuine equality in which everyone benefits greatly from the wealth of the community. His idea of a classless society includes equitable treatment for men and women based on race, ethnicity, and gender. The theory paints a powerful picture for the socially marginalised groups since it advocates for low interest rates—almost zero—to promote economic growth, fair access to healthcare, and education.

It emphasizes the social distinction between those who own productive products and those who sell their labour, which aids capitalism. Marx draws attention to the unfairness of the owners of the means of production exploiting common workers. His finding resulted in the beginning and establishment of trade.

Debt reduction: The Marxist worldview predicts a propensity for debt reduction since people will be cooperatively striving to develop their society. People would take care of one another while the government assists by allocating the necessary resources.

It attempts to discredit religion by outlawing it. His belief in equality is put to the test by religion, which naturally places certain people in superior or inferior positions to others. Although it does not accept organised religion like Christianity, Islam, or Judaism, people are free to select their religion

It does away with the idea of private ownership: The constitution places a strong focus on human rights, one of which is the ability to possess property. The socialist ideal of Marxism restricts private property ownership. By residing in a certain location within the community, each individual makes a contribution to the larger good. 

CONS

Marxism is a social, political, and economic ideology that emphasises the conflict between capitalists and the working class. It was developed by Karl Marx. No economic class—wage workers, landowners, etc.—should possess dominance over another, in his opinion. Marx thought that everyone should provide what they can and receive what they require.

PEOPLE

China's communist country

The Communist Party, a highly centralised single-party government, is in charge of China. Every region, whether a province or a city, is led by both Communist Party leaders and members of the local administration.

REAL LIFE

COMPARISON

Marxists contend that only until the working class has power over the means of production will the class war come to an end (socialism of distribution)

Social Democrats support public ownership and government intervention in the economy while accepting capitalism (socialism of economic production)

Social Democrats support the democratic process (elections), but Marxist Socialists call for total government control of the economy. They also recognise private ownership.

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